Non-state Actors in the Arctic Region

Preface
Map of the Arctic
Acknowledgements
	Nikolas Sellheim
	Dwayne Menezes
Contents
Acronyms
Part I: Perspectives from the Cirum-Arctic
	Chapter 1: Arctic Governance, Decision-Making and Non-state Actors
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 The State of Arctic Governance, Research and Decision-Making
		1.3 Arctic Media
		1.4 Arctic Conferences
		1.5 About this Book
		References
	Chapter 2: The International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) in the Changing Arctic. Between International Scientific Cooperation and Science Diplomacy
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Science Diplomacy of Non-state Actors
			2.2.1 Science and Politics Interconnection
			2.2.2 Science and Diplomacy Interconnection
			2.2.3 Science Diplomacy of Non-state Actors
		2.3 International Arctic Science Committee – Actor or Platform of Science Diplomacy?
			2.3.1 IASC as a Fruit of Science Diplomacy
			2.3.2 IASC as a Co-instigator of Political Response to Climate Change in the Arctic
			2.3.3 IASC as a Venue for Scientific National Arctic Games
		2.4 Final Remarks
		References
	Chapter 3: Examining the Role of Think Tanks in Promoting Peace in the Arctic
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Background
			3.2.1 Defining Think Tanks
			3.2.2 The Arctic Council
			3.2.3 Track II Diplomacy
		3.3 Case Studies
			3.3.1 Polar Research and Policy Initiative
			3.3.2 Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars
			3.3.3 Munich Security Conference
			3.3.4 Assessment
		3.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: The University of the Arctic (UArctic) as a Non-state Actor in the Circumpolar World
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Organizational Structure
		4.3 UArctic as a Regional Actor
		4.4 Curriculum and Thematic Networks
		4.5 Mobilizing and Connecting
		4.6 Indigenous Education
		4.7 Why Is UArctic a Non-state Actor?
		4.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Highlighting Businesses as Key Non-state Actors in the Arctic: Collaboration Between Arctic Economic Council and Polar Research and Policy Initiative
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 The Arctic Economic Council
		5.3 Sustainable Investment Opportunities in the Arctic: The Project
		5.4 Case Study I: Marealis AS (Norway)
		5.5 Case Study II: Ocean Rainforest Sp/F (Faroe Islands)
		5.6 Case Study III: Spor í sandinn ehf.: ALDIN Biodome (Iceland)
		5.7 Case Study IV: Greenland Dog Adventure (Greenland)
		5.8 Case Study V: Aurora Snowbox Oy – Aurora Intelligent Transport Cluster (Finland)
		5.9 Case Study VI: Arctic Space Technologies (Sweden)
		5.10 Case Study VII: Anchorage (ANC) South Air Cargo Campus (United States)
		5.11 Case Study VIII: Tłıchǫ Highway Project (Canada)
		5.12 Case Study IX: Kola Wind Farm (Russia)
		5.13 Case Study X: Carbfix (Iceland)
		5.14 Case Study XI: Agnico Eagle (Canada)
		5.15 Case Study XII: Greenland Ruby (Greenland)
		5.16 Case Study XIII: Tanbreez (Greenland)
		5.17 Case XIV: Arctic Circle Road Project (Greenland)
		5.18 Case Study XV: PolArctic (United States)
		5.19 Conclusion
		5.20 Findings
		5.21 Recommendations
Part II: Perspectives from the European Arctic
	Chapter 6: Transnational Cities Alliances and Their Role in Policy-Making in Sustainable Urban Development in the European Arctic
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Cities and City-Alliances: State or Non-state Actors?
			6.2.1 Cities as Non-state Actors in International Relations: New Wine in Old Bottles
			6.2.2 City Diplomacy and Transnational City Alliances
			6.2.3 Transnational City Collaboration in Climate Governance and for Sustainable Development Approaches
		6.3 The Nordic Model of Local Government
		6.4 City Alliances and City-Municipalities as Facilitators of Sustainable Urban Development in the Arctic? The Case of the Arctic Mayors’ Forum
		6.5 Conclusions
			6.5.1 The Arctic Mayors’ Forum as a “Test Run” of Transnational City Alliances
			6.5.2 Steering Sustainable Urban Development in the Arctic: A Unique Case?
		References
	Chapter 7: Strength in Numbers? The Nordic Ministerial and Parliamentary Groupings as Observers in the Arctic Council
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The Nordic Council of Ministers
		7.3 The West Nordic Council
		7.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 8: Development of Data Centres in the Nordic Arctic
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Data Centres Development
			8.2.1 Data Centres as the Backbone of Global Internet
			8.2.2 Hyperscale Data Centres
			8.2.3 Overview of the Data Centre Industry in Europe
			8.2.4 Threats to Further Expansion within the FLAP-D Market
		8.3 Value Propositions of the Nordic Arctic Regions for Data Centre Industry
			8.3.1 Renewable Energy
			8.3.2 Natural Cooling Conditions
			8.3.3 Institutionalisation of Data Centre Operational Field
				8.3.3.1 Arctic Policy and Strategy Documents
				8.3.3.2 National Strategies and Data Centre Ecosystem
					Norway
					Finland
					Sweden
				8.3.3.3 Operational Framework
				8.3.3.4 Connectivity
					Arctic Connect Cable System
					Polar Express
					Arctic Express
					Celtic Norse Cable System
					NO-UK Cable System
					Havfrue Cable System
		8.4 Framework for the Future Development of Data Centres in the Nordic Arctic
			8.4.1 Arctic Regional Alliance and Arctic Regional Hub for Data Centre Sector
			8.4.2 Enhance Regional Connectivity
			8.4.3 Augmenting the Ecosystem
			8.4.4 Offering Zero-Cost Connectivity
			8.4.5 Defining Contribution to Socio-Economic Development of the Region
		8.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Sustainable Arctic Marine Tourism Development: Scale and Scope for Community Investment, Coordination, and Action
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Community Concerns from Tourism
			9.2.1 Lack of Tourists
			9.2.2 Overtourism
			9.2.3 Wrong Tourists
		9.3 Co-evolvement of Community Engagement and Government Action – Two Cases
			9.3.1 Finnmark, Norway
			9.3.2 Northern Iceland
		9.4 Scaling Up Experiences to Strategic Learning and Ties to the SDGs: Scale and Scope of Sustainable Tourism
			9.4.1 SDGs 10 and 14: Marine Resource Management’s Role in Sustainable Arctic Marine Tourism Development
			9.4.2 SDGs 1, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 17: The Role of Community Entrepreneurs
			9.4.3 SDGs 16 and 17: Partnership and Cooperation Increase Local Agency
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Case Studies
	Chapter 10: Monitoring of Indigenous Law Enforcement in Evenkia, Russia
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Contemporary Legislation
		10.3 Traditional Economy and Environmental Management
		10.4 Taxation and Fees
		10.5 Environmental Obligations of Communities
		10.6 Use of Natural Resources by Individuals (Hunting)
		10.7 Establishing Traditional Land Use Areas for Indigenous Peoples
		10.8 Forest Management and Land Use
		10.9 Petitions of the Indigenous Peoples
		10.10 Government Legislative Initiatives
		10.11 Proposals by Indigenous Peoples and Their Communities
		10.12 Conclusion
		References
			Legislation of the Russian Federation
			Other References
	Chapter 11: The Role and Impact of NGOs in Marine Mammal Governance
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 NGOs and Their Role in Public Policy
		11.3 The Role of Science in Conflict Resolution and Environmental Decision-Making
		11.4 Imagery, Language, and Narratives
		11.5 Oversimplification and Conflation of Issues
		11.6 Influence and Accountability
		11.7 Critiques of NGOs – Strawmen, Slippery Slopes, and Red Herrings: The Use of Logical Fallacies vs. Legitimate Critique in the Seal Hunt Debate
		11.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: The Characteristics of Natural Resource Governance: The Nussir Case, Norway
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
			12.2.1 Environmental Justice
			12.2.2 Towards a Better Understanding of Justice: Understanding the (Post)Colonial Context
		12.3 Methodology
			12.3.1 The Case Study
		12.4 Empirical Analysis
			12.4.1 Sámi Contestations of Distributional Patterns
			12.4.2 A Social Culture of Misrecognition
				12.4.2.1 They Notice But Do Not Recognize: A Subordination of Sámi Interests
				12.4.2.2 Recognizing Sámi Value Pluralism: Rejecting Monetary Reductionism
				12.4.2.3 The Role of Knowledge Claims in Upholding Patterns of Misrecognition
			12.4.3 Struggles in the Procedural Realm
				12.4.3.1 Dealing with Institutionalized Denial of Fruitful Participation
				12.4.3.2 Speaking with Two Tongues: Opportunities for Participation Without Support
				12.4.3.3 Conflicting Narratives of Participatory Rights
		12.5 Conclusion
			12.5.1 Main Findings
			12.5.2 Reflection and Recommendations
			12.5.3 Practical Implications and Outlook
		References
	Chapter 13: Bellona and the Environmental Policy in the Barents Region: A Pivotal Facilitator
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 The Barents Region, a Driving Force for Changes in Arctic Governance
			13.2.1 The Environment as an Instrument of Regional Cooperation
			13.2.2 Origins of Bellona
		13.3 Polycentricity and the Nuclear Factor
			13.3.1 The Rise of the Atom Diplomacy
			13.3.2 The Rocky Road
		13.4 A Plural and Pragmatic Commitment into a Complex Network
			13.4.1 Bellona’s Commitments in the Russian Federation
			13.4.2 A Growing Influence on Decarbonization Policy in Norway
		13.5 Leverage and Limits in Barents Governance
			13.5.1 A Messenger for the Norwegian Arctic Policy
			13.5.2 Under the Hammer of the Russian Law
		13.6 Bellona, a Free Rider that Has Reached a European Dimension
		References
	Chapter 14: Promoting the Sustainable Development Goals in the Arctic: The Case of Polar Research and Policy Initiative
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Advancing the SDGs in the Arctic: The Role of a Think-Tank
		14.3 The SDGs in the Arctic High-Level Dialogues: Building Consensus, Encouraging Action
		14.4 Advancing the SDGs in the Arctic: The Relevance to Non-Arctic State and Non-State Actors
		14.5 Advancing the SDGs in the Arctic: The Importance of Businesses and Investors
		14.6 Conclusion
		References