Non-Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunctions (Urodynamics, Neurourology and Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions)

Foreword
Preface
Preface
Contents
1: Physiopathology of Overactive Bladder
	1.1	 Definitions
	1.2	 Pathophysiology
	1.3	 Neurogenic Factors
	1.4	 Non-neurogenic Factors
		1.4.1	 Myogenic Factor
		1.4.2	 Urotheliogenic Factor
		1.4.3	 Bladder Outlet Obstruction
		1.4.4	 Bladder Ischemia
		1.4.5	 Inflammation
		1.4.6	 Gender
		1.4.7	 Psychological Factors
	References
2: Diagnosis of Overactive Bladder
	2.1	 The Initial Diagnostic Workup in the Uncomplicated OAB Patient
		2.1.1	 History
		2.1.2	 Physical Examination
		2.1.3	 Urinalysis and Urine Culture
		2.1.4	 Voiding Diaries and Pad Testing
		2.1.5	 Symptom Questionnaires and Scores
	2.2	 The Diagnostic Workup in the Complicated OAB Patient
		2.2.1	 Cystoscopy
		2.2.2	 Urinary Tract Ultrasound
		2.2.3	 Uroflowmetry
		2.2.4	 Urodynamic Test
	References
3: Treatment Options in Patients with Overactive Bladder: Initial and Pharmacological Management
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Initial Management of Overactive Bladder
		3.2.1	 Lifestyle Modification
	3.3	 Pharmacological Treatment of Overactive Bladder Symptoms
		3.3.1	 Antimuscarinics Drugs
			3.3.1.1	 Darifenacin Hydrobromide
			3.3.1.2	 Fesoterodine Fumarate
			3.3.1.3	 Imidafenacin
			3.3.1.4	 Propantheline Bromide
			3.3.1.5	 Solifenacin Succinate
			3.3.1.6	 Tolterodine Tartrate
			3.3.1.7	 Trospium Chloride
			3.3.1.8	 Oxybutynin Chloride
			3.3.1.9	 Propiverine Hydrochloride
		3.3.2	 β-Adrenoceptor Agonists
			3.3.2.1	 Mirabegron
		3.3.3	 Antidepressants
			3.3.3.1	 Imipramine
	3.4	 Combination Therapy
	3.5	 Pharmacological Management of Patients with Overactive Bladder
		3.5.1	 Comorbidities
			3.5.1.1	 Glaucoma
			3.5.1.2	 Neurological Diseases
			3.5.1.3	 Cognitive Impairment
			3.5.1.4	 Associate BOO
			3.5.1.5	 Frail Older Patients
	References
4: Treatment Options in Patients with Overactive Bladder: The Invasive Management
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Botulinum Toxin
		4.2.1	 Molecular Structure and Mechanism of Action
		4.2.2	 BoNTA Intradetrusor Injection
		4.2.3	 BoNTA Efficacy
		4.2.4	 Adverse Events
	4.3	 Sacral Neuromodulation (SNM)
		4.3.1	 Technique
		4.3.2	 Mechanism of Action
		4.3.3	 SNM Efficacy
		4.3.4	 Adverse Events
	4.4	 Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation
		4.4.1	 PTNS Technique and Efficacy
	4.5	 Major Surgery
		4.5.1	 Enterocystoplasty
	References
5: Bladder Outlet Obstruction and Overactive Bladder in Females
	5.1	 Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms’ Epidemiology
	5.2	 Bladder Outlet Obstruction Pathophysiology
	5.3	 OAB Pathophysiology
	5.4	 Diagnosis
		5.4.1	 History
		5.4.2	 Physical Examination
		5.4.3	 Diagnostic Tools
	5.5	 Management
	5.6	 OAB Management
	5.7	 BOO Management
	References
6: Bladder Outlet Obstruction and Overactive Bladder in Males
	6.1	 Definition
	6.2	 Epidemiology
	6.3	 Pathophysology
	6.4	 Diagnosis
		6.4.1	 General Considerations
	6.5	 Management
		6.5.1	 General Considerations
	6.6	 Conservative Treatments
		6.6.1	 General Considerations
	6.7	 Pharmacological Treatments
		6.7.1	 General Considerations
		6.7.2	 α1-Blockers and 5α-Reductase
		6.7.3	 Antimuscarinic Agents and Beta-3 Adrenoreceptors
		6.7.4	 Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
		6.7.5	 Plant Extracts: Phytotherapy
	6.8	 Surgical Treatments
		6.8.1	 General Considerations
	References
7: Overactive Bladder and Female Stress Urinary Incontinence
	7.1	 An Overview on “Urethrogenic” Mixed Urinary Incontinence
	7.2	 A Counterview on “Urethrogenic” Mixed Urinary Incontinence
	References
8: Physiopathology of Underactive Bladder
	8.1	 Introduction and Definitions
	8.2	 Physiopathology
		8.2.1	 Detrusor Muscle Activity Damage
		8.2.2	 Neurogenic Damage
		8.2.3	 Receptors Expression and Drugs
		8.2.4	 Idiopathic UAB
	8.3	 Aging
	8.4	 Fowler’s Syndrome
	8.5	 Dysfunctional Voiding
	8.6	 Conclusions
	References
9: Diagnosis of Underactive Bladder in Male
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Clinical Findings
	9.3	 Urodynamic Testing
	9.4	 Conclusions
	References
10: Diagnosis of Underactive Bladder in Female
	10.1	 Diagnosis of Underactive Bladder in Females
	10.2	 Clinical Diagnosis
		10.2.1	 Medical History
		10.2.2	 Symptoms
		10.2.3	 Patient-Reported Outcomes
	10.3	 Urodynamics
		10.3.1	 Free Flow
		10.3.2	 Pressure/Flow Study
		10.3.3	 Detrusor Contraction Strength
			10.3.3.1	 Isovolumetric Detrusor Pressure
			10.3.3.2	 Watts Factor
			10.3.3.3	 Projected Isovolumetric Pressure (PIP)
		10.3.4	 Detrusor Contraction Velocity
		10.3.5	 The Role of Bladder Sensation
		10.3.6	 The Role of DO
	10.4	 Conclusion
	References
11: Treatment Options of Underactive Bladder
	11.1	 Conservative Management
	11.2	 Pharmacological Therapy
	11.3	 Minimally Invasive Treatment
	11.4	 Surgical Treatment
	11.5	 Conclusion
	References
12: Detrusor Overactivity with Detrusor Underactivity
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Etiology
	12.3	 Prevalence and Risk Factors
	12.4	 Diagnosis
	12.5	 Treatment
	12.6	 Conclusion
	References
13: Defunctionalized Bladder and Kidney Transplantation
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Pathophysiology
	13.3	 Clinical and Urodynamic Characteristics
	13.4	 Outcomes and Complications
	13.5	 Conclusions
	References
14: Imaging in Bladder Dysfunctions
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Urogynecology
		14.2.1	 Bladder US Findings in Urogynecology
			14.2.1.1	 PVR
			14.2.1.2	 BWT
		14.2.2	 Extravesical US Findings in Urogynecology
			14.2.2.1	 Urethral Hypermobility
			14.2.2.2	 Funneling
			14.2.2.3	 Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)
	14.3	 Male LUTS
		14.3.1	 Bladder US Findings in Male LUTS
			14.3.1.1	 PVR
			14.3.1.2	 BWT/DWT
			14.3.1.3	 UEBW
		14.3.2	 Prostate US Findings in Male LUTS
			14.3.2.1	 PCAR
			14.3.2.2	 IPP
			14.3.2.3	 PUA
	References
15: Female Sexuality in Pelvic Floor Disorders
	15.1	 Introduction and Epidemiology
	15.2	 Diagnosis
	15.3	 Screening Questionnaires
	15.4	 Screening for Sexual Activity and Function in Women with PFDs
	15.5	 Sexual Function in Specific Pelvic Floor Disorders
		15.5.1	 Pelvic Organ Prolapse
	15.6	 Nonsurgical Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
		15.6.1	 Pessaries
	15.7	 Surgical Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
		15.7.1	 Anterior and Posterior Repairs
		15.7.2	 Apical Repairs
	15.8	 Urinary Incontinence
	15.9	 Stress Urinary Incontinence
		15.9.1	 Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy (PFFT)
		15.9.2	 Colposuspension and Midurethral Slings
	15.10	 Urinary Urgency Incontinence and Overactive Bladder
		15.10.1	 Oral Medications
		15.10.2	 Neuromodulation
		15.10.3	 Intra-detrusor Botulinum Toxin A (Botox)
	15.11	 Anal and Fecal Incontinence
	15.12	 Surgical Treatment of Fecal Incontinence
		15.12.1	 Sphincteroplasty
		15.12.2	 Neuromodulation and Botox
	15.13	 Conclusion
	References
Index