Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

140203542X......Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
Series Preface......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 17
1. Introduction......Page 20
2. Phaseolus sp. and Vigna sp. (Beans)......Page 21
3. Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut, Peanut)......Page 26
4. Cicer arietinum (Chickpea)......Page 27
5. Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea)......Page 28
6. Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) and Other Legumes......Page 29
References......Page 31
1. Soybean: Pathways to North America and Establishment as a Crop......Page 33
2. Soybean Production in North America......Page 35
4. Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean in North America......Page 38
5. Perspectives......Page 39
References......Page 40
2. Taxonomy, Origins, and Importance of Soybean......Page 42
3. Biological Nitrogen Fixation......Page 46
4. Economic Importance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in South America......Page 49
5. Crop Management in South America......Page 51
6. Final Considerations......Page 55
References......Page 56
1. Introduction and Historical Background......Page 60
2. All-India Area Coverage, Productivity, and Production of Soybean between 1970-2003......Page 62
3. All-India State-wise Area Coverage, Productivity, and Production of Soybean......Page 63
4. Regional Distribution of Soybean Cultivars......Page 66
5. Regional Agricultural Aspects of Soybean Cultivation......Page 76
References......Page 81
1. Summary......Page 84
2. Soybean Cultivation in China: Historical Aspects and Current Situation......Page 85
3. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria that Nodulate Soybean......Page 92
4. The Soybean Germplasm Collection in China......Page 98
5. Soybean in Crop Rotation and in Continuous Cultivation......Page 99
6. Conclusions......Page 101
References......Page 102
2. Importance of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation......Page 105
3. Symbiotic Interaction of Legumes with Rhizobia......Page 106
4. Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixation Genetics in the Rhizobia and Bradyrhizobia......Page 108
5. Rhizobia in the Soil Environment......Page 110
6. Stress Factors in the Soil Environment that Influence N[sub(2)] Fixation......Page 111
7. Concluding Remarks......Page 117
References......Page 118
2. Leguminosae......Page 129
3. Rhizobia that Nodulate Legume Trees......Page 149
4. Types of Nodule formed on Trees......Page 150
5. Mycorrhizas and Other Nutrient-Acquisition Systems......Page 151
7. Role of Legume Trees in Natural and Managed Systems......Page 152
References......Page 155
1. Introduction......Page 158
2. General Characteristics of the Actinorhizal Symbiosis......Page 159
3. Host Botanical Families......Page 163
4. Nitrogen Fixation in Actinorhizal Trees......Page 164
5. Mycorrhizal Associations with Actinorhizal Trees......Page 168
6. Actinorhizal Trees in Agroforestry......Page 172
7. The Genus Casuarina......Page 173
8. The Experience of the Central America Fuelwood Project......Page 174
9. The Case of Alnus acuminata in Tropical Highlands......Page 176
10. Other Uses of Actinorhizal Trees......Page 178
11. Concluding Considerations......Page 179
References......Page 180
1. Introduction......Page 187
2. The Problem of Identifying Key Diazotrophic Bacteria in Gramineous Plants: The Classical Approach......Page 188
3. The Significance of Diazotrophic Grass Endophytes......Page 190
4. The Significance of Culture-Independent Methods......Page 193
5. The Significance of nifH-Targeted Methods......Page 194
6. Limitations of nifH-Targeted Methods......Page 195
7. Many Diazotrophs Defy Cultivation......Page 197
8. Diazotrophic Grass Endophytes as Key Organisms for BNF in Gramineous Plants......Page 199
9. Summary and Outlook......Page 203
References......Page 205
1. Introduction......Page 213
2. Purpose of Review......Page 214
3. Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses......Page 215
4. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza......Page 216
5. Interactions between AM Fungi and Rhizobia to Improve Legume Productivity in Agriculture......Page 219
6. Conclusions......Page 228
References......Page 229
1. Introduction......Page 237
2. Strain Selection......Page 238
3. Inoculant Production......Page 244
4. Inoculant Application......Page 251
5. Factors Affecting the Success of Inoculation......Page 254
6. Main Conclusions......Page 259
References......Page 260
1. Nitrification as Part of the Nitrogen Cycle......Page 268
2. Two Physiological Groups of Bacteria Contribute to Nitrification......Page 270
3. Ecology and Detection of Nitrifying Bacteria......Page 271
4. Metabolism of Nitrifying Bacteria......Page 273
References......Page 283
1. Introduction......Page 290
2. The Nitrogen Cycle......Page 292
3. Denitrification......Page 294
4. Bacterial Respiratory Nitrate Reductases......Page 295
5. Nitrite Reductases......Page 309
6. Nitric Oxide Reductases......Page 314
7. Nitrous Oxide Reductase......Page 319
8. Linkage of the Denitrification Gene Clusters......Page 320
9. Bioenergetics of Denitrification......Page 323
10. Regulation of Transcription of Denitrification Genes......Page 325
11. Regulation of Denitrification by Environmental Factors......Page 333
12. Diversity of Denitrification......Page 334
13. Yeast and Fungal Denitrification......Page 338
References......Page 340
D......Page 356
I......Page 357
N......Page 358
V......Page 359
Y......Page 360