Nineteenth-Century English: Stability and Change (Studies in English Language)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Plates......Page 11
Figures......Page 12
Tables......Page 13
Contributors......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
1 Introduction......Page 23
2.1 The corpus-based approach......Page 24
2.2 The nineteenth-century perspective......Page 25
2.3 The CONCE project and the present volume......Page 26
3 Empirical evidence of nineteenth-century English:
stability and change......Page 31
Notes......Page 37
1 Introduction......Page 39
2 Material......Page 40
3 Method......Page 42
4.1 Overview......Page 46
4.2 Semantic categories......Page 48
4.3 Strings of modifiers......Page 54
4.4 Of-phrases as modifiers......Page 55
4.5 Female vs male writers......Page 57
4.6 Positive, negative and neutral modifiers......Page 62
4.7 The Mental State category: a close-up......Page 65
5 Brief comparison with terms in an eighteenth-century corpus......Page 72
6 Conclusions......Page 74
Notes......Page 76
2 Literacy......Page 78
3 Handwriting......Page 80
4 Society and schooling......Page 84
5 Schooling for letteracy......Page 85
6 Spelling surnames......Page 90
7 Spelling other orthographic units......Page 97
8.1 Anglo-Saxon vs Latinate......Page 102
8.2 Diffusion......Page 105
8.3 Mainstream English......Page 106
Acknowledgements......Page 107
Notes......Page 108
2 Previous research......Page 111
4 Method......Page 113
5 Results......Page 114
5.1 Variation across time......Page 115
5.2 Variation across genre......Page 116
5.3 Variation across time and genre......Page 117
5.4 Gender variation......Page 119
5.5 Variation according to the conjunction introducing the adverbial clause......Page 120
5.6 Variation according to specific verbs......Page 122
6 Conclusion......Page 125
Appendix......Page 126
Notes......Page 129
1 Introduction......Page 132
2 Previous research......Page 133
3 Parameters of diachronic stability and textual variation......Page 136
3.1 Parameters of tense, aspect and mood......Page 137
3.2 Syntactic parameters across the nineteenth century......Page 143
4 Lexical associations of BE-passives......Page 146
5 Science versus Letters: differences in usage by an individual author......Page 150
6 Conclusions......Page 155
Notes......Page 156
1 Introduction......Page 158
2.1 Science......Page 159
2.2 Trials......Page 160
2.3 Letters......Page 161
2.4 Forms and functions of the relativizers......Page 163
3 Wh-forms and that in restrictive and nonrestrictive
relative clauses......Page 167
4 The antecedent of wh-forms and that......Page 171
5 The syntactic environments of wh-forms and that......Page 176
5.1 Science......Page 180
5.2 Trials......Page 183
5.3 Letters......Page 185
6 The use of wh-forms and that across speaker roles......Page 188
7 Gender-based differences in the use of relativizers in nineteenth-century letter writing......Page 194
8 Conclusion......Page 201
Notes......Page 202
1 Introduction......Page 205
2 Alternative structures......Page 207
3 Different types of anaphoric that of/those of constructions......Page 208
4 Principles employed in the analysis......Page 209
5 Results and discussion......Page 211
6 Concluding remarks......Page 215
1 Introduction......Page 216
2 Brief summary of developments in adjective comparison in English......Page 217
3 Overview of data......Page 220
4 Genre variation......Page 223
5 Male and female usage......Page 227
6 Comparative forms: syntactic position and the ensuing than......Page 232
Notes......Page 234
2 The functional division of gerunds and infinitives after remember......Page 237
3 The syntax of remember in the nineteenth century:
previous scholarship......Page 239
4 The syntax of remember in the OED quotation base 1700–2000......Page 240
Appendix......Page 248
Notes......Page 249
1 Defining in -ing complements......Page 251
2 Evidence from electronic corpora......Page 254
3 Concluding observations......Page 262
Notes......Page 263
1 Introduction......Page 264
2.2.1 The retrieval process......Page 266
2.2.2 Subgroups of partitive constructions......Page 268
3.1 The frequency of partitive constructions by period, genre and gender......Page 271
3.2 Semantic subgroups of partitive constructions......Page 273
3.2.1 Differences in diachrony......Page 274
3.2.2 Cross-genre differences......Page 275
Debates......Page 276
Fiction......Page 277
History......Page 278
Science......Page 279
Trials......Page 280
3.3.1 Tendencies in the nineteenth-century material......Page 281
3.3.2 Concord with number: a case study of nineteenth- and late twentieth-century English......Page 285
4 Summary and discussion......Page 289
Notes......Page 291
History......Page 294
Trials......Page 295
Letters......Page 296
Drama......Page 297
Trials......Page 298
List of text-level codes......Page 299
References......Page 300
Name index......Page 312
Subject index......Page 315