New Thinking About Genetics (21st Century Science)

TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 13
CHAPTER 1 THE CODE OF LIFE......Page 22
ANCIENT THEORIES OF PANGENESIS AND BLOOD IN HEREDITY......Page 23
PREFORMATION AND NATURAL SELECTION......Page 25
THE WORK OF GREGOR MENDEL......Page 26
THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION......Page 28
REDISCOVERY......Page 29
HOW THE GENE IDEA BECAME REALITY......Page 30
EARLY MOLECULAR GENETICS......Page 31
DNA AND THE GENETIC CODE......Page 32
GENES......Page 39
ALLELES......Page 40
PHENOTYPE......Page 41
CHROMOSOMES......Page 42
SEX CHROMOSOMES......Page 45
CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS......Page 46
CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION: MEIOSIS......Page 47
LINKAGE GROUPS......Page 48
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS......Page 53
CHAPTER 3 DNA AS THE AGENT OF HEREDITY......Page 58
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF DNA......Page 60
DNA REPLICATION......Page 61
EXPRESSION OF THE GENETIC CODE......Page 65
TRANSCRIPTION......Page 68
TRANSLATION......Page 70
GENE MUTATION......Page 72
MECHANISMS OF MUTATION......Page 73
REPAIR OF MUTATION......Page 76
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION......Page 77
RNA INTERFERENCE AND GENE SILENCING......Page 80
REPETITIVE DNA......Page 82
CLASSICAL GENETICS......Page 86
CYTOGENETICS......Page 87
FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION......Page 88
MICROBIAL GENETICS......Page 89
MOLECULAR GENETICS......Page 90
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION......Page 91
DNA FINGERPRINTING......Page 94
GENOMICS......Page 96
SEQUENCING AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF GENOMES......Page 98
GENE IDENTIFICATION BY MICROARRAY GENOMIC ANALYSIS......Page 99
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS......Page 100
POPULATION GENETICS......Page 101
EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING......Page 102
HARDY-WEINBERG LAW......Page 103
GENETIC DRIFT......Page 104
EARLY HISTORY OF BEHAVIOUR GENETICS......Page 105
METHODS OF BEHAVIOUR GENETICS STUDY......Page 106
STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS......Page 109
EPIGENETICS......Page 111
STEM CELLS......Page 113
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS......Page 115
ADULT STEM CELLS......Page 116
INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS......Page 119
RNA INTERFERENCE......Page 121
CHAPTER 5 GENETIC ENGINEERING......Page 124
DNA CLONING......Page 126
CREATING THE CLONE......Page 128
ISOLATING THE CLONE......Page 132
DNA SEQUENCING......Page 133
IN VITRO MUTAGENESIS......Page 134
REVERSE GENETICS......Page 136
PROTEIN MANUFACTURE......Page 137
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 138
GMOS IN AGRICULTURE......Page 140
GMOS IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH......Page 144
ROLE OF GMOS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 145
SOCIOPOLITICAL RELEVANCE OF GMOS......Page 146
CLONING......Page 147
EARLY CLONING EXPERIMENTS......Page 148
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING......Page 150
THERAPEUTIC CLONING......Page 154
ETHICAL CONTROVERSIES OF CLONING......Page 156
PLANT BREEDING......Page 159
GOALS......Page 161
EVALUATION OF PLANTS......Page 162
METHODS OF PLANT BREEDING......Page 164
ANIMAL BREEDING......Page 175
BREEDING AND VARIATION......Page 176
BREEDING......Page 179
SELECTION......Page 182
BREEDING SYSTEMS......Page 188
THE HUMAN CHROMOSOMES......Page 191
THE HUMAN GENOME......Page 192
ROLE OF THE HUMAN GENOME IN RESEARCH......Page 195
ORIGINS OF THE HUMAN GENOME......Page 196
SOCIAL IMPACTS OF HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH......Page 198
THE GENETICS OF HUMAN BLOOD......Page 199
BLOOD TYPES......Page 200
SERUM PROTEINS......Page 201
HEMOGLOBIN......Page 202
THE GENETICS OF ANTIBODY FORMATION......Page 203
THE GENETICS OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY......Page 205
INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 206
FRATERNAL TWINS......Page 207
IDENTICAL TWINS......Page 208
INFERENCES FROM TWIN STUDIES......Page 209
MODERN SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS OF HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION......Page 213
THE SCIENTIFIC DEBATE OVER "RACE"......Page 218
CHAPTER 8 GENETIC DISEASES OF HUMANS......Page 221
DISEASES CAUSED BY CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS......Page 222
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SEX CHROMOSOMES......Page 224
DISEASES OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE......Page 227
DISEASES OF AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE......Page 230
REPEAT EXPANSIONS......Page 232
IMPRINTED GENE MUTATIONS......Page 233
DISEASES CAUSED BY MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE......Page 235
GENETICS OF CANCER......Page 236
GENETIC DAMAGE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS......Page 241
MANAGEMENT OF GENETIC DISEASE......Page 243
CALCULATING RISKS OF KNOWN CARRIERS......Page 244
ESTIMATING PROBABILITY: BAYES'S THEOREM......Page 246
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 249
GENETIC TESTING......Page 253
THE FUTURE OF GENETICS IN MEDICINE......Page 260
GLOSSARY......Page 263
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 267
INDEX......Page 269