New-Technology Flowmeters: Volume I

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
	How It All Started
	Transition to Process Control and Market Research
	About This Book
Acknowledgments
1. A Preview of Coming Attractions
	Overview
	Chapter Summary
	A Preview of Upcoming Chapters
2. Fundamental Concepts of Flow
	What Is Flow
	Flowmeters Used in the Process Industries
	Defining the Process Industries
		Petroleum Liquids
		Natural Gas and Industrial Gases
		Non-petroleum Liquids
		Steam
	Fundamental Concepts
	Cross-Sectional Area
	Flow Velocity
	Volumetric Flowrate
	Mass Flowrate
3. The Paradigm Case Method of Selecting Flowmeters
	Overview
	Introduction to Flowmeter Types and Flowmeter Selection
	New-Technology Flowmeters
		Coriolis Flowmeters
			Paradigm Case Application
		Magnetic Flowmeters
			Paradigm Case Application
		Ultrasonic Flowmeters
			Paradigm Case Application
		Vortex Flowmeters
			Paradigm Case Application
		Thermal Flowmeters
			Paradigm Case Application
	Summary Tables of Advantages, Disadvantages and Principles of Operation
	Conventional Flowmeters
		Familiarity Breeds Respect
		Switching Technologies Has a Cost
		Differential Pressure
		What Is a DP Flowmeter
		To Stay with DP or Switch
		Where DP Meters Excel, and Considerations
			Paradigm Case Application
		Primary Elements
		Positive Displacement
			Paradigm Case Application
		Turbine
			Paradigm Case Application
		Open Channel
			Paradigm Case Application
		Variable Area
			Paradigm Case Application
	Selecting a Flowmeter
	Review Tables of Paradigm Case Conditions
		Paradigm Case Selection Method
		Paradigm Case Selection Steps
4. Coriolis Flowmeters
	Overview
	A Review of Early Coriolis Patents
	Coriolis Flowmeter Companies
		Emerson - Micro Motion
		History
		Coriolis Flowmeters
		Foxboro by Schneider Electric
		History and Organization
		Foxboro by Schneider Electric Coriolis Flowmeters
	Coriolis Flowmeter Theory of Operation
		Stop the Presses!
		Looking into the Soul of a Coriolis Flowmeter
		Coriolis Effect
		Coriolis Force
		How Coriolis Flowmeters Came to Be
	Growth Factors for the Coriolis Flowmeter Market
		Custody Transfer of Natural Gas Is a Promising Application
		Suppliers Introduce Lower Cost Meters
		New Product Features Improve the Performance of Coriolis Meters
		Coriolis Flowmeters Have Reduced Maintenance Requirements
		Straight-Tube Meters Eliminate Some Performance Issues with Bent Tube Meters
		Large Diameter Meters Open Up New Applications
	Frontiers of Research
		Large Line Size Coriolis Meters
		Explaining the Coriolis Force or Effect
		Measuring Gas Flow
5. Magnetic Flowmeters
	Why Are Magmeters So Popular
		Willing to Do the Dirty Work
		Flexible
		Accurate and Cost Effective
	Top Industrial Uses
	Alternating Current versus Direct Current
	Liners - the \"Secret Sauce\" of Magnetic Flowmeters
	Greater Conductivity
	Areas of Growth for Magnetic Flowmeters
	Important Facts about Magnetic Flowmeters
	New Developments
	Magnetic Flowmeter Companies
		Endress+Hauser
			History and Organization
			Magnetic Flowmeter Products
		KROHNE
			History and Organization
			Magnetic Flowmeters
	How They Work
	Growth Factors for the Magnetic Flowmeter Market
		The Installed Base of Magnetic Flowmeters
		New Developments in Two-Wire and Battery-Operated Magmeters
		Companies Are Improving Magnetic Flowmeter Technology
		Magnetic Flowmeters Are Very Popular in Europe
		Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus Products Are Becoming More Widely Available
		The Large Number of Magnetic Flowmeter Suppliers
	Frontiers of Research
		Measuring Liquids with Lower Conductivity Values
		Continued Advances in Liners
		A Continued Focus on Market Strengths
6. Ultrasonic Flowmeters
	Advantages
	A Range of Applications
	Ultrasonic Flowmeter Companies
		Baker Hughes Company
			History and Organization
			Ultrasonic Flowmeters
		Sick Ag
			History and Organization
			Ultrasonic Flowmeters
	How They Work
		Transit Time Ultrasonic Flowmeters
		Doppler Flowmeters
		The Difference between Paths and Chords
		Path versus Chord
		Is Chord \"Marketing Speak\"
	Suppliers\' Interpretation of Paths and Chords - and What This Means for Ultrasonic Flowmeters
		KROHNE
		Cameron
		Emerson
		Elster
		Accusonic
		What It Means
		One Solution: Talk about Chords and Paths Together
		Everyone Has a Responsibility Here
	Custody Transfer of Natural Gas Is an Increasingly Important Measurement for Ultrasonic Flowmeters
		Growth Factors for the Ultrasonic Flowmeter Market
		Ultrasonic Flowmeters Have Gained the Trust of End-Users
		Ultrasonic Flowmeter Technology Compares Well to Other Flowmeter Types
		Signal Processing Technology Is Improving
		Multipath Ultrasonic Flowmeters Used for Custody Transfer
		Transit Time Flowmeters Have Expanded Their Capability to Measure Fluids with Particles
		Flow Calibration Facilities Are Now More Available
		Flow Measurement Redundancy Is Now More Important
		Clamp-on Models Hit Their Stride in Very Large Pipe Diameters
		The Worldwide Business of Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	Frontiers of Research
		Technological Improvements over the Last Two Decades Have Continued to Expand Ultrasonic Meter Use
		More Research into Doppler Meters
		More Research into Custody Transfer Applications
7. Vortex Flowmeters
	Overview
	Multivariable Flowmeters
	Vortex Flowmeters Provide Accurate and Reliable Flow Measurement at a Competitive Price
	The Origin of Multivariable Vortex Flowmeters
	Vortex Flowmeter Companies
		VorTek Instruments
			History and Organization
			Vortex Flowmeters
		Yokogawa Electric Corporation
			Vortex Flowmeters
	How They Work
		Vortex Flowmeter Performance
	Growth Factors for the Vortex Flowmeter Market
		Steam Flow Is a Growing Application for Vortex Flowmeters
		Product Consolidation and New Suppliers Have Changed the Market Dynamics
		More Companies Are Introducing Multivariable Flowmeters
		Custody Transfer of Natural Gas
		Dual Sensor Designs
		District Heating Applications Are Becoming More Popular
		Measuring Low Flowrates
	Frontiers of Research
		Multivariable Flowmeters
		Dual Meters
		Dual Tube Meter
		Steam Flow Continues to be a Strength for Vortex Meters
8. Thermal Flowmeters
	Overview
	The Origins of Thermal Flowmeters
	Development History of Thermal Flowmeters
	Thermal Flowmeter Companies
		Fluid Components International
			History and Organization
			Thermal Flowmeters
		Kurz Instruments
			History and Organization
			Thermal Flowmeters
	How They Work
		There Are Two Different Methods for Doing This
		Later Developments
		Other Thermal Flowmeter Companies
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Applications for Thermal Flowmeters
	Growth Factors for the Thermal Flowmeter Market
		A New Age of Environmental Awareness
		Macroeconomic Factors
		CEM and Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions Boost Thermal Flowmeter Sales
		Low-Flow Gas Measurement Is a Strength
		High Turndown Ratios and the Ability to Measure Multiple Gases Are a Plus
		Flare Gas Measurement and Submetering of Gas Flows
		The Water and Wastewater Industry
	Factors Limiting the Growth of the Thermal Flowmeter Market
		Limited Application for Liquids and Steam
		Sensitivity to Changing Gas Compositions/Properties
		Lack of Approvals for Custody Transfer
	Frontiers of Research
		Improved Accuracy
		Measuring Greenhouse Gases
9. Application Advances in New-Technology Flowmeters
	Overview
	Custody Transfer
		Standards
		Performance
			Coriolis Flowmeters
			Ultrasonic Flowmeters
			Vortex Flowmeters
			Magnetic Flowmeters
			Thermal Flowmeters
	Advances in Flowmeter Technology
		Coriolis Flowmeters
		Ultrasonic Flowmeters
			Daniel Measurement and Control
			Honeywell Elster
			FMC Technologies/TechnipFMC
			The Value of Extra Paths
		Vortex Flowmeters
		Magnetic Flowmeters
		Thermal
	Redundancy
		Dual Tube Meter
10. The Geometry of Flow
	Overview
	What Is Flow
	A Line Is the Path of a Moving Point
	Points Lie on the Line, Not in the Line
	How Many Points Lie on a Line
	When Boundaries Matter: Defining Points and Lines
	Two Conceptions of Points and Lines
	What Is a Line
	Wide Line Geometry
	Lines, and the Natural and Real Number Lines
	Infinity and the Number Line
	Making a Measurement Requires a Unit of Measurement and a Degree of Precision
	Length in Flow Measurement: Does a Pipe Circumference Have Width
	Circular Geometry
		An Alternative Unit of Measure
		Circular Mils
		Application
		Sensing and Measuring
		What Is a Sensor
		Sensors and the Mind
Bibliography
Index