New Techniques in Oncologic Imaging

Contents......Page 14
Contributors......Page 20
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Advances in Computed Tomography......Page 24
Differences Between Single Detector and Multidetector CT......Page 26
Detector Configurations......Page 28
Definitions of Pitch......Page 30
Formula for Determining the Detector Configuration......Page 31
Principles of Overlapping Reconstructions......Page 33
Evolution in Voxel Sizes Toward Isotropia......Page 34
Fundamental Advantages of MDCT......Page 36
THE FUTURE OF CT......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
Advances in MRI of the Brain......Page 44
Magnet Design......Page 45
Parallel Coil Imaging......Page 47
Rapid Acquisition Relaxation-Enhanced and Fast Spin Echo......Page 48
T2 Perfusion Imaging......Page 49
Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery......Page 50
Diffusion Weighted Imaging......Page 52
MR Spectroscopic Imaging......Page 53
Blood Oxygen Level Determination......Page 55
CHALLENGES IN NEURORADIOLOGY......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 57
Advances in Ultrasound......Page 60
Transducers......Page 61
Signal Processing......Page 62
Display......Page 64
Contrast Agents......Page 67
Applications in Oncology......Page 70
New Methods......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 85
MR Lymphangiography: Technique......Page 88
Imaging Plane......Page 89
Slice Thickness......Page 90
Choice of Pulse Sequences......Page 91
Sequence......Page 96
Typical Pulse Sequence Parameters......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
Image Processing in Tumor Imaging......Page 102
IMAGE SEGMENTATION......Page 103
Threshold-Based Methods......Page 104
Pixel Classification Methods......Page 105
Model-Based Segmentation......Page 106
Relevance in Tumor Imaging......Page 107
IMAGE MEASUREMENT AND QUANTIFICATION......Page 108
Functional and Physiological Quantification......Page 109
IMAGE DISPLAY AND VISUALIZATION......Page 110
MPR......Page 111
MIP......Page 112
Volume Rendering......Page 113
IMAGE REGISTRATION......Page 115
Point-Based Registration......Page 117
Surface-Based Registration......Page 118
Intensity-Based Registration......Page 119
2D-3D Registration......Page 120
COMPUTER-AIDED DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION......Page 121
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 123
Advances in Radiotherapy Planning......Page 126
Conformal Radiation Therapy......Page 127
Radiation Dosimetry......Page 129
Inverse Planning......Page 131
Delivery......Page 132
"STEREOTACTIC" FORMS OF TELETHERAPY......Page 134
BRACHYTHERAPY......Page 135
Computed Tomography......Page 137
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 138
BIOLOGICAL IMAGING AND THE FUTURE OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 143
Clinical PET in Oncology......Page 148
PRINCIPLES OF PET......Page 149
Adrenal Lesions......Page 153
Other Common Clinical Problem Areas......Page 154
STAGING CANCERS......Page 155
Lung Cancer......Page 156
Other Malignancies......Page 158
CANCER RECURRENCE......Page 159
Other Malignancies......Page 160
Lymphoma......Page 161
Other Tumors......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 163
Clinical Advances in PET and Tracer Development......Page 168
DATA ACQUISITION, IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION, AND EVALUATION......Page 169
PET CORRELATES WITH MOLECULAR BIOLOGY......Page 174
F-18-Fluorouracil......Page 178
C-11-AIB......Page 181
6-[(18)F] Fluoro-L-Dopa......Page 182
Ga-68-DOTATOC......Page 183
OTHER NEW TRACERS......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 186
Molecular Targeted Imaging in Oncology with Radioscintigraphy......Page 190
INTRODUCTION......Page 191
In Vitro [H] Thymidine Incorporation Assay......Page 193
Tc-EC Targeted Imaging Agents Glycolysis Targets......Page 194
Angiogenesis Targets......Page 197
Tumor Hypoxia Targets......Page 200
Apoptosis Targets......Page 201
MDR Targets......Page 205
Markers of Tumor Cell Proliferation......Page 207
CONCLUSION......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 213
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Cancer......Page 216
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND......Page 217
TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS......Page 221
CANCER BIOCHEMISTRY RELEVANT TO MRS......Page 223
CLINICAL USES OF MRS......Page 227
FUTURE OF MRS IN ONCOLOGY......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
Dynamic MRI Techniques......Page 236
MRI Contrast Agent Kinetics......Page 237
Data Acquisition......Page 239
Quantification......Page 241
Limitations......Page 244
Clinical Experience......Page 245
Quantification......Page 246
Kinetic Modeling......Page 249
Limitations......Page 252
Validation......Page 253
DCE-MRI VS. F-MDCT......Page 254
CHALLENGES FOR PERFUSION DCE-MRI......Page 255
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
Functional Computed Tomography......Page 268
FUNCTIONAL CT AND TUMOR PHYSIOLOGY......Page 269
Compartmental Analysis......Page 270
Linear Systems Approach (Deconvolution)......Page 271
CLINICAL VALIDATION AND APPLICATIONS IN ONCOLOGY......Page 272
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS......Page 275
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 276
REFERENCES......Page 277
BOLD Imaging of Tumors......Page 280
INTRINSIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST MRI......Page 281
PHYSIOLOGICAL ORIGINS OF THE TUMOR BOLD MRI RESPONSE TO CARBOGEN......Page 283
INTRINSIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST MRI AND TUMOR OXYGENATION......Page 285
INTRINSIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST MRI AND TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS......Page 287
INTRINSIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST MRI AND TUMOR RESPONSE TO ANTIVASCULAR THERAPY......Page 289
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE OF INTRINSIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST MRI......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 292
Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI in Cancer......Page 296
GENERAL KINETIC MODEL......Page 298
Patlak Approach......Page 303
Circumventing the Input Function......Page 304
Relation of MR Signal to Concentration......Page 306
Empirical Methods......Page 307
Methods of Display......Page 308
Clinical Applications......Page 309
CONCLUSION......Page 310
APPENDIX: DERIVATION OF THE GKM......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 312
Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging in Small Animal Models of Cancer......Page 314
Principles of Bioluminescence Imaging......Page 315
TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 319
SENSITIVITY OF BIOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING IN LIVING SUBJECTS......Page 320
PRINCIPLES OF REPORTER GENE IMAGING......Page 322
Gene Marking of Cancer Cells......Page 324
Imaging of Cancer Gene Therapies in Living Mice......Page 329
Imaging of Molecular Interactions in Living Mice......Page 330
MULTIPLEX AND MULTIMODALITY BIOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING IN LIVING MICE......Page 334
COMBINED IN VITRO, EX VIVO, AND LIVING SUBJECT BIOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING......Page 335
FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 338
Diffusion MR Imaging in Tumors......Page 342
What Is Diffusion?......Page 343
Diffusion and MRI......Page 346
Why Is Diffusion a Useful "Probe" in Medical Imaging?......Page 347
Measurement of Diffusion in an Imaging Context......Page 350
DIAGNOSIS, GRADING, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DW-MRI IN CANCER......Page 352
PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPONSE TO ANTICANCER TREATMENT......Page 354
DW-MRI IN TREATMENT PLANNING......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 358
Noninvasive Determination of Tissue Oxygen Concentration by Overhauser Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 364
INTRODUCTION......Page 365
OVERHAUSER ENHANCED MRI: COMBINATION OF MRI AND EPRI......Page 366
MAPPING pO2 WITH OMRI......Page 370
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 371
REFERENCES......Page 372
Advances in Optical Imaging of Cancer......Page 374
Intraoperative Infrared Imaging During Tumor Resection in the Human Brain......Page 375
Intraoperative Near-IR Imaging During Tumor Resection......Page 380
In Situ Optical Imaging of Cancer......Page 381
OPTICAL IMAGING BASED ON EXTERNAL CONTRASTS TO IDENTIFY CANCER......Page 386
Diffuse Optical Tomography......Page 387
Fluorescence-Mediated Molecular Tomography......Page 388
Near-IR Fluorochromes and Reporter Probes......Page 389
SUMMARY......Page 390
REFERENCES......Page 391
Index......Page 394
Back cover......Page 426