New Perspectives on Historical Latin Syntax, Volume 2: Constituent Syntax: Adverbial Phrases, Adverbs, Mood, Tense

New Perspectives on Historical Latin Syntax, Volume 2: Constituent Syntax: Adverbial Phrases, Adverbs, Mood, Tense......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Detailed contents......Page 10
List of abbreviations......Page 18
1. Background and methodology......Page 22
2. Historical syntax and Latin......Page 24
3. The functional-typological approach......Page 27
4. The diachronic dimension......Page 30
6. Volume 2......Page 34
References......Page 36
1. Formal and syntactic aspects......Page 40
2. Semantic roles of adverbials......Page 41
3. Space......Page 42
3.1 Location......Page 44
3.2 Direction......Page 49
3.3 Source/Origin......Page 53
3.4 Path......Page 58
3.5 Typological considerations......Page 60
3.6 Diachronic considerations......Page 62
4. Time......Page 64
5.1.1 Prototypical Agent......Page 65
5.1.2 Force......Page 68
5.2.1 Prototypical Instrument......Page 72
5.2.2 Means......Page 75
5.2.3 Intermediary......Page 78
5.3 Cause......Page 81
5.4 Typological considerations......Page 87
5.5 Diachronic considerations......Page 89
6. Purpose......Page 91
6.1 Typological considerations......Page 93
7. Beneficiary......Page 94
7.1 Prototypical Beneficiary......Page 95
7.2 “Behalf” Beneficiary......Page 96
7.4 Typological considerations......Page 97
7.5 Diachronic considerations......Page 98
8. Experiencer......Page 99
9.2 Accompaniment......Page 100
9.3 Attendant Circumstances......Page 101
9.4 Typological considerations......Page 102
9.5 Diachronic considerations......Page 103
10.1 Topic......Page 105
11. Manner......Page 106
12.1 The distribution of plain cases and PPs in Latin Adverbials......Page 108
12.2.1 The Indo-European preverbs: Categorial status......Page 110
12.2.2 A scalar definition of government......Page 112
13.1 Adverbials in Proto-Indo-European......Page 115
13.2 Formal aspects of the evolution into Early Romance......Page 116
13.3 Semantic aspects......Page 117
References......Page 122
1. Heterogeneity of adverbs: A basically tripartite category......Page 130
2.1 General and typological considerations......Page 133
2.2.1 Deadjectival manner adverbs: -ē and -iter......Page 135
2.2.2 Adverbs in -im, -tim, -ātim......Page 136
2.2.4 Denumeral adverbs in -iē(n)s......Page 137
2.2.5 Deadjectival adverbs in -ō......Page 138
2.2.6 Frozen case forms and conversions......Page 139
2.3.1 Adverbs and gradation......Page 140
2.3.2 Adverbs and diminutives......Page 142
3. Predicate adverbs......Page 144
3.1.1 Manner adverbs......Page 145
3.1.2 Quantity/intensification and duration adverbs......Page 149
3.1.3 Aspectual adverbs......Page 150
3.2.1 Direction (and location) adverbs......Page 151
3.2.2 Manner (and other) adverbs as arguments......Page 153
4.1 General overview......Page 155
4.2.1 Adverbs of setting: Time and place......Page 158
4.2.2 Frequency adverbs......Page 161
4.3 Evaluative adverbs......Page 162
4.3.1 Participant-oriented evaluatives (the type stulte ‘acting stupidly’)......Page 164
4.3.2 Event-oriented evaluatives (the type opportune ‘fortunately’)......Page 166
4.4 Modal adverbs: The type certe ‘certainly’......Page 170
4.5 Domain adverbs......Page 174
4.6 Speech act adverbs: The type breuiter ‘in short’......Page 175
4.7 Time adverbs as textual connectors......Page 177
4.8 From predicate to sentence adverbs: A historical perspective......Page 180
5. Adverbs as modifiers of modifiers......Page 181
5.1 Adjective modifiers......Page 182
5.2 Extensions to other modifiers’ modifier uses......Page 187
6. Adverbs as predications and as whole utterances......Page 190
7.1 Adverbs and coordination......Page 193
7.1.1 Coordination within adverbs......Page 194
7.1.2 Coordination between adverbs and other constituents......Page 196
8. From Latin to Romance: The grammaticalization of -mente......Page 202
References......Page 206
1.1 Basic distinctions......Page 214
1.3 Modality, typology, and diachrony......Page 216
2.1 Modal operators......Page 217
2.3 Propositional modality......Page 219
2.4 Speech acts and modality......Page 221
3.2 Mood and mode......Page 222
3.3 The moods......Page 223
3.3.2 Imperative......Page 224
3.3.3 Subjunctive, optative, and injunctive......Page 225
3.4 Mood and modality......Page 227
3.5 Modal system and modality......Page 228
3.6 Modal forms......Page 229
3.6.2 Debeo, oportet, and necesse est......Page 230
3.7.1 Modal adverbs and modal adjectives......Page 231
3.8 Modal markers and semimodal markers......Page 232
4.1 Possibility and necessity......Page 233
4.2 Participant-internal and participant-external modality......Page 234
4.2.1 Possibility: Ability and permission......Page 235
5.1 Epistemic meanings......Page 236
5.2 Modal meanings and state of affairs–types......Page 237
5.3 Meanings and change of meaning along the possibility path......Page 238
5.3.1 State of affairs–types and Subject-types......Page 239
5.4 Meanings and change of meaning along the necessity path......Page 241
5.4.1 State of affairs–types, tense, and aspect......Page 242
5.5 The domain of intention......Page 243
5.5.1 Prediction and predestination......Page 244
5.5.2 Necessity and intention......Page 245
6.1 A semantic map for Latin modal forms......Page 247
6.1.1 Modal paths......Page 249
6.2 Generalization, Repetition, and Grammaticalization......Page 250
7.1 The realis/irrealis dimension......Page 251
7.2 Irrealis and the subjunctive......Page 252
7.3 Possibility, necessity, and intention......Page 253
7.4 The subjunctive of weak manipulation......Page 254
7.4.1 Volitive (exhortative, jussive, prohibitive) subjunctive......Page 255
7.4.2 Desiderative (optative) and potential (permissive) subjunctive......Page 258
8.2 The subjunctive of low epistemic certainty......Page 261
8.2.1 Potential subjunctive......Page 262
8.2.2 Dubitative (deliberative, repudiating, exclamative) subjunctive......Page 264
9.2 Subjunctive in complement clauses......Page 265
9.2.1 Event integration and clause integration......Page 268
9.3 Subjunctive in adverbial clauses......Page 271
9.3.1 Purpose clauses......Page 272
9.3.2 Consecutive clauses......Page 273
9.3.3 Conditional clauses......Page 274
9.3.4 Concessive clauses......Page 277
9.3.5 Other types (temporal and causal clauses)......Page 278
9.4 Evidentials......Page 279
9.4.1 Subjunctive in oratio obliqua......Page 280
9.5 The evolution of the subjunctive in subordinate clauses......Page 281
10.1 Tense and aspect......Page 282
10.2 Negation......Page 285
11.1 Summary......Page 286
11.2 Diachronic mechanisms......Page 288
References......Page 290
1.1 A few words on the basic concepts......Page 298
1.2 A few words on the Proto-Indo-European background......Page 300
2. Actionality......Page 305
2.1.1 ±dynamic......Page 309
2.1.2 Agency, voice, and ±dynamic......Page 313
2.1.3 States, activities, and prefixes......Page 317
2.1.4 States and change......Page 318
2.1.5 ±telic......Page 323
2.1.6 ±momentaneous (or ±durative)......Page 325
2.1.7 Focus and lexicon......Page 331
2.2.1 ±dynamic......Page 342
2.2.2 Agency, voice, and ±dynamic......Page 345
2.2.3 States and change......Page 348
2.2.4 ±telic and ±momentaneous......Page 352
2.2.5 Focus and lexicon......Page 357
3. Tense......Page 361
3.1.1 The present tense......Page 366
3.1.2 Current relevance......Page 374
3.1.3 Resultativity......Page 377
3.1.4 Indirect present and simultaneity......Page 383
3.1.5 The development......Page 391
3.2 The future......Page 395
3.2.1 The simple future......Page 396
3.2.2 The future perfect......Page 398
3.2.3 Indirect future and posteriority......Page 406
3.2.4 Modality and future......Page 409
3.2.5 The development......Page 415
3.3.1 The past tenses: The perfect and the imperfect......Page 426
3.3.2 The pluperfect......Page 434
3.3.3 Anterior past......Page 440
3.3.4 Indirect past and anteriority......Page 445
3.3.5 The development in later Latin......Page 449
4. Viewpoint......Page 458
4.1.1 Progressivity and overview......Page 459
4.1.2 Quantification and pluri-occasionality......Page 462
4.1.3 Temporal adverbials and conjunctions......Page 468
4.1.4 Past states......Page 476
4.1.5 Ingressivity......Page 483
4.1.6 Telicity, momentaneousness, and imperfectivity......Page 488
4.1.7 Tense and narrative......Page 492
4.2.1 Actionality and viewpoint......Page 497
4.2.2 Temporal adverbials......Page 501
4.2.3 Overview and backgrounding......Page 507
4.2.4 Progressivity......Page 512
4.2.5 Tense and narrative......Page 518
5.1 Early and Classical Latin......Page 520
5.2 Late Latin......Page 522
References......Page 524
Subject index......Page 546
Index of classical references......Page 556