New Developments in Renewable Energy

Cover......Page 1
New Developments in Renewable Energy......Page 2
©......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
Section 1 Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration......Page 11
1. Introduction......Page 13
2. Climate change, energy and emission profile in Turkey......Page 14
3. Climate change and greenhouse gas emissions policies in Turkey......Page 17
4. Global warming and environmental policy in Turkey......Page 18
5. Electricity generation and CO2 emission in Turkey......Page 19
6. Hydropower as a renewable energy in Turkey......Page 21
8. Cost of the renewable energy technology......Page 23
9. Carbon reduction prices......Page 24
10. Results and discussion......Page 25
11. Conclusions......Page 26
References......Page 27
1. Introduction......Page 31
2.3. Shingles......Page 32
3. Urban heat−island reduction and building energy conservation......Page 33
4. Vegetated (green) roof systems......Page 34
5.1.1. Mini-roofs......Page 37
6. Summary and conclusions......Page 55
References......Page 56
1. Introduction......Page 61
2. Renewables’ intermittency context: The debate......Page 63
2.2. Backup and energy storage......Page 64
3.1. Wind capacity......Page 65
3.2. Variables......Page 67
3.2.1. Conventional energy sources......Page 68
3.2.3. Socio-economic drivers......Page 69
3.2.4. Energy efficiency measures and public policies......Page 71
3.4. Methods......Page 74
4. Empirical evidence of the drivers of wind overcapacity......Page 77
5. Consistency and robustness of empirical evidence......Page 79
6. Conventional energy sources and backup......Page 81
7. Other renewable energy sources......Page 82
8. Socio-economic drivers, energy policies and measures......Page 83
9. Conclusion......Page 85
Appendix......Page 86
References......Page 87
1. Introduction......Page 93
2. Energy as a poverty issue......Page 95
4. The gender component of energy poverty......Page 99
5. Moving women and their families out of energy poverty......Page 100
6. Energy and sustainable livelihoods......Page 101
7. Gender, energy, poverty and sustainable livelihoods......Page 102
8. Conclusion......Page 103
References......Page 106
Section 2 Modeling and Analysis......Page 109
1. Introduction......Page 111
2.1. Probability distribution function and data sampling......Page 113
2.2. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)......Page 114
2.3. Correlation of random variables......Page 115
2.3.1. Copula method......Page 116
2.4. Time-series prediction of wind speed and solar irradiation......Page 120
2.5. Estimation of the confidence interval and risk analysis for wind speed and solar irradiation scenarios......Page 121
2.6. Scenario generation and reduction......Page 123
3. Conclusion......Page 127
References......Page 128
1. Introduction......Page 131
3. Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve......Page 132
4. Modeling equations of photovoltaic cell......Page 133
5. Educational application......Page 138
6. Design circuit application......Page 142
7. PV cells of module......Page 145
8. Conclusion......Page 147
References......Page 148
1. Introduction......Page 151
2. Star connected generator–star connected load without a neutral connection......Page 152
3. Star connected generator–star connected load with a neutral connection......Page 157
4. Delta connected generator–delta connected load......Page 160
5. Delta connected generator–star connected load......Page 162
6. Star connected generator–delta connected load......Page 164
7. Generalization of steady state model......Page 166
8. Conclusions......Page 167
References......Page 168
1. Introduction......Page 169
2. Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)......Page 171
2.2. Wind turbine arrangement with diode-based rectifier......Page 173
3. MPPT control strategies for the WECS......Page 174
3.1.1. Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) technique......Page 175
3.1.3. Optimal torque control......Page 176
3.1.4. Load angle control......Page 177
3.1.4.1. Load angle control of the generator-side converter......Page 178
3.1.4.2. Load angle control for the grid-side converter......Page 179
3.2.1.2. Advanced Hill-Climb Searching (HCS) method......Page 181
3.2.2. MPPT algorithm by directly adjusting the DC/DC converter duty cycle and modulation index of the PWM-VSC......Page 183
3.2.3.1. Decoupled control of the active and reactive power, dependently......Page 184
A. Real power......Page 185
B. Reactive power......Page 186
4.1. Wind energy conversion system description......Page 189
4.1.1. Wind turbine model......Page 190
4.1.2. PMSG model......Page 191
4.2. Control of the generator side converter (PMSG)......Page 192
4.3. Fuzzy logic controller for MPPT......Page 194
4.4. Control of the grid side converter......Page 196
4.5. Simulation results......Page 197
Appendix......Page 199
References......Page 200
1. Introduction......Page 203
2. Literature review and hypothesis setting......Page 204
3.1. Two-phase data envelopment analysis framework......Page 207
3.2. Input and output variables......Page 208
3.3. Medial input/output variables: The medial outputs of phase I and also the medial inputs of phase II......Page 209
3.5. Research resource and sample......Page 210
3.6. DEA model......Page 211
4. Empirical analysis......Page 213
5. Conclusion......Page 216
Author details......Page 217
References......Page 218
Section 3 Wind Power......Page 223
1. Introduction......Page 225
References......Page 226
References......Page 227
4. Generation of climatic scenarios......Page 228
7. Probability distribution function and frequency formula......Page 229
9. Method of moments......Page 230
11. L-moments method......Page 231
12. At-station goodness of fit tests......Page 232
14. Discordancy test......Page 233
15. Heterogeneity test......Page 234
17. Spatial interpolation......Page 236
18. Comparison of different methods......Page 238
19. A case study......Page 239
20. Conclusions......Page 242
References......Page 243
Section 4 Biomass......Page 247
1. Introduction......Page 249
2.1. Hydropower sources......Page 250
2.3. Natural Gas......Page 251
2.8. Geothermal......Page 252
3. Literature review......Page 253
4. Methodology......Page 255
5.1.1. Agricultural biomass......Page 256
5.1.1.2.Food Crops......Page 257
5.1.2.Agriculture crop residues......Page 258
5.1.3.Residue chemical composition......Page 261
5.1.6. Agriculture waste......Page 263
5.1.7. Forestry residues......Page 264
5.1.8. City and Municipal solid waste (CMW)......Page 265
5.1.9. Animal Waste......Page 266
5.1.11. Industrial Waste......Page 267
6.1. Environmental impact of biomass energy......Page 268
7. Biomass conversion......Page 269
7.1.3. Other conversions......Page 270
7.2. Bio-chemical conversion......Page 271
7.2.2. Fermentation......Page 272
8. Discussion......Page 274
9. Conclusion......Page 275
10. Recommendations......Page 276
11. Glossary......Page 277
References......Page 278
Section 5 Ocean Energy......Page 281
1.1. Ocean......Page 283
1.2. Ocean waves......Page 284
1.3.2. Synthetic aperture radar......Page 288
2. Wave energy convertors......Page 289
2.1.1.1. Buoy......Page 291
2.1.1.2. Two body heaving convertors......Page 293
2.1.2. Pitching oscillators......Page 295
2.1.2.2. Two body pitching convertors......Page 296
2.1.2.3. Submerged pitching convertors......Page 297
2.1.3. Surging oscillators......Page 298
2.2.1. Air-interface......Page 299
2.2.2. Water-interface......Page 300
3. Power take-off......Page 301
3.1.2. Variable Reluctance Permanent Magnet Machine (VRM)......Page 302
3.1.2.2. Vernier Hybrid Machine (VHM)......Page 303
3.1.3. Tubular air cored permanent magnet generator (TAPM)......Page 304
4. Environmental consequences......Page 305
Author details......Page 306
References......Page 307
Section 6 Geothermal......Page 311
1. Introduction......Page 313
2.1. Developments & utilization of low-temperature geothermal energy resources for power generation......Page 314
2.2. Energy conversion and performance aspects of ORC-based low-temperature geothermal power generation......Page 318
2.3. ORC-based low-temperature geothermal power generation: Environmental & economic aspects......Page 322
3.1. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) – developments & utilization......Page 324
3.2. Environmental and economic aspectsof EGS for power generation......Page 327
3.3. EGS using CO2 as the working fluid for green power generation and simultaneous carbon sequestration......Page 332
4. Conclusion......Page 333
References......Page 335
Section 7 Fuel Cell......Page 339
1. Introduction......Page 341
2.1. Modelling of the PEM fuel cell......Page 342
2.2. Experimental tests made with the PEM Mark 1020......Page 345
2.2.1. Output voltage and power......Page 346
2.2.2. Efficiency and hydrogen consumption......Page 347
3. Power electronic converters for PEM fuel cells......Page 348
3.2. DC-DC converter topologies......Page 351
3.2.2. Series resonant converter with inductive output filter......Page 353
3.2.3. PWM full-bridge converter with inductive output filter......Page 354
3.2.5. Current-fed two-inductor boost converter......Page 355
3.3. Selection of converter topology and operation......Page 356
3.4.1. Voltage......Page 357
3.4.2. Current......Page 358
3.4.5. Normalized amplitudes of the current and power......Page 360
4. Control......Page 362
5. Experimental setup and results......Page 363
5.1. Output voltage and current......Page 364
5.2. Proportional integral control (PI)......Page 365
5.3. Resonant circuit operation......Page 366
Nomenclature......Page 367
References......Page 369
Section 8 Integrated System......Page 373
1. Introduction......Page 375
2.1. Wind turbine......Page 377
2.2. Doubly-fed induction generator and its control......Page 380
2.3. Diesel generator modelling......Page 385
2.4. Alkaline electrolyzer......Page 389
3. Hybrid power system simulation results......Page 390
Author details......Page 394
References......Page 395
1. Introduction......Page 399
1.2. Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) technology......Page 400
1.3. Combustion studies......Page 401
1.5. Research scope and application......Page 403
2.2. Experimental set up and procedures......Page 404
2.4. Carbon combustion efficiency calculation......Page 406
3.1. Carbon combustion efficiencies......Page 408
3.2. Temperature profiles......Page 410
3.4. Analyses of carryover......Page 411
4. Conclusion......Page 413
Abbreviations and nomenclature......Page 414
References......Page 415