NEUROVASCULAR NEUROPSYCHOLOGY,

Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective
	1.1 Early Civilizations and the Pre-Hippocratic Period
	1.2 Greco-Roman Period
	1.3 From the Medieval Period to the Realm of Neuroanatomists and Neuropathologists
	1.4 The Eighteenth to Mid-Twentieth Century
	1.5 The Twentieth Century: From Neuropathology to the Realm of Neuroradiology
	1.6 The Pendulum at Rest
	1.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 2: Neurovascular Geography and Mapping the Consequences of Its Injury
	2.1 Neurovascular Anatomy
	2.2 Autoregulation
	2.3 Diagnostic Studies
		2.3.1 Brain Imaging
			2.3.1.1 Computerized Tomography
			2.3.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			2.3.1.3 Other Imaging Studies of Blood Flow and Metabolism
			2.3.1.4 Cerebral Angiography
		2.3.2 Duplex and Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
	References
Chapter 3: Ischemic and Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Pathophysiology of Stroke Syndromes
		3.2.1 Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndromes
			3.2.1.1 Executive Dysfunctions
			3.2.1.2 Alien Hand Syndromes
			3.2.1.3 Theory of Mind Disturbances
			3.2.1.4 Motor Neglect
		3.2.2 Left Middle Cerebral Artery Syndromes
			3.2.2.1 The Aphasias
			3.2.2.2 Pure Alexia with Agraphia
			3.2.2.3 Gerstmann and Angular Gyrus Syndromes
			3.2.2.4 Ideomotor Apraxia
		3.2.3 Right Middle Cerebral Artery Syndromes
			3.2.3.1 Neglect and Anosognosia
			3.2.3.2 Post Stroke Delirium
			3.2.3.3 Constructional Impairment
			3.2.3.4 Dressing Impairment
			3.2.3.5 Spatial and Topographical Impairment
			3.2.3.6 Motor Impersistence
			3.2.3.7 Right Hemisphere Language and Communication Impairments
		3.2.4 Unilateral Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndromes
			3.2.4.1 Pure Alexia Without Agraphia
			3.2.4.2 Memory Impairments
		3.2.5 Bilateral Syndromes
			3.2.5.1 Cortical Auditory Syndromes
			3.2.5.2 Cortical Blindness and Related Disorders
			3.2.5.3 Prosopagnosia
			3.2.5.4 Bithalamic Syndromes
		3.2.6 Cerebellar Syndromes
		3.2.7 Brainstem Syndromes
	References
Chapter 4: Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
	4.1 Introduction/Background
	4.2 Neuropathology/Pathophysiology
	4.3 Diagnostic Criteria
		4.3.1 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		4.3.2 Unruptured Aneurysms
	4.4 Characteristic Neurobehavioral Syndrome
	4.5 Relatively Rare Neurobehavioral Syndromes Following Aneurysmal SAH
	4.6 Unruptured Aneurysms
	4.7 Supporting Laboratory Studies Following SAH
		4.7.1 Treatment and Prognosis
	4.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Neuropsychological Effects of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Neuropathology and Pathophysiology
	5.3 Demographics and Epidemiology
		5.3.1 Natural History
		5.3.2 Hemorrhage
		5.3.3 Seizure
		5.3.4 Headache
		5.3.5 Neurological/Neuropsychological Deficits
		5.3.6 Related Vascular Anomalies
		5.3.7 Imaging Studies
			5.3.7.1 Angiography
			5.3.7.2 CT and MR
			5.3.7.3 Disease Course
		5.3.8 Treatment and Prognosis
			5.3.8.1 Embolization
			5.3.8.2 Neurosurgery
			5.3.8.3 Radiosurgery
			5.3.8.4 Superselective Wada Testing and Electrocortical Stimulation Mapping
			5.3.8.5 AVM and Cerebral Reorganization
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Vascular Cognitive Impairment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Brief History of VCI and VaD
	6.3 Definition of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia
	6.4 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) Research Diagnostic Criteria
	6.5 State of California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (ADDTC) Criteria for Ischemic Vascular Dementia (IVD)
	6.6 Consensus Statement for Diagnosis of Subcortical Small Vessel Disease (SSVD)
	6.7 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) Diagnostic Criteria for VCI
	6.8 International Society of Vascular Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders Criteria (ISVBCDC)
	6.9 DSM-5 Criteria
	6.10 Vascular Impairment of Cognitive Classification Consensus Study Criteria (VICCCS)
	6.11 Epidemiology and Risk Factors
		6.11.1 Descriptive Epidemiology
		6.11.2 Risks for VCI
		6.11.3 Clinical Manifestations
		6.11.4 Diagnostic Studies
	6.12 Prospects for Prevention and Treatment
		6.12.1 Prevention
		6.12.2 Multi-domain and Related Interventions
		6.12.3 Treatment
	References
Chapter 7: The Neurovascular Neuropsychology of Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)
	7.1 CADASIL
		7.1.1 Definition, Genetics, and Pathological Aspects
		7.1.2 Primary Clinical Features and Cognitive Symptoms
		7.1.3 Cerebral Tissue Lesions and Cognitive Dysfunction in CADASIL
		7.1.4 Treatment
	7.2 MELAS
	References
Chapter 8: Carotid Artery Disease
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Measuring the Extent of Narrowing in the Carotid Artery
		8.2.1 Angiography
		8.2.2 CTA and MRA
		8.2.3 Duplex Ultrasound (DUS)
		8.2.4 Transcranial Doppler (TCD)
	8.3 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms for Cognitive Decline in Carotid Disease
	8.4 Relationship Between Cerebral Hypoperfusion and Cognitive Function
	8.5 Cognitive Changes After Carotid Artery Revascularization
		8.5.1 Carotid Endarterectomy and Cognition
		8.5.2 Carotid Artery Stenting
		8.5.3 EC-IC Bypass
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Cardiac Arrest
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Epidemiology and Clinical Burden
	9.3 Neuropathology
	9.4 Acute Prediction of Survival and Quality of Recovery
		9.4.1 Examination
		9.4.2 Laboratory Studies
		9.4.3 Electrophysiology
		9.4.4 Neuroimaging
		9.4.5 Summary
	9.5 Course of Recovery
	9.6 Residual Deficits
	9.7 Treatment
		9.7.1 Temperature Management
	9.8 Quality of Life
	References
Chapter 10: Cardiac Surgery and Cognition: Etiologies and Assessment Considerations
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Cognitive Dysfunction Following Cardiac Surgery
	10.3 Pathophysiologic Processes and Perioperative Iatrogenic Factors
		10.3.1 Neuroinflammation
		10.3.2 Cerebral Embolic Injury
		10.3.3 Cerebral Blood Flow and Autoregulation
		10.3.4 Extracorporeal Circulatory Management
	10.4 Assessment of Cognitive Change Following Cardiac Surgery
		10.4.1 Psychometric Methods and Considerations
		10.4.2 Cognitive Screen and Testing Battery Selection
	References
Chapter 11: Cognitive Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Interventions and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Coronary Interventions
	11.3 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
	References
Chapter 12: The Neuropsychology of Pulmonary Disease and Lung Transplantation Complications
	12.1 Epidemiology of Pulmonary Disease
	12.2 Types of Pulmonary Diseases
	12.3 Cognitive Impairment in Pulmonary Disease
		12.3.1 Other Pulmonary Conditions
	12.4 Neuroimaging Correlates of Pulmonary Disease
	12.5 Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Pulmonary Disease
	12.6 Lung Transplantation
	12.7 Neurological Events Following Lung Transplantation
	12.8 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
	12.9 Delirium
	12.10 Cognitive Changes Following Lung Transplantation
		12.10.1 Neurocognitive Function and Clinical Events
	12.11 Mechanisms of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction
	12.12 Summary
	References
Chapter 13: Diabetes and Hypertension
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Neuropathology and Pathophysiology
		13.2.1 Large Vessel Disease
		13.2.2 Small Vessel Disease
		13.2.3 Brain Atrophy and AD-Related Pathology
	13.3 Intermediary Metabolic, Inflammatory and Oxidative Mechanism: Hypertension
		13.3.1 Intermediary Physiologic Changes in Type 2 Diabetes
		13.3.2 Hyperinsulinemia
		13.3.3 Diabetes and Genetic Susceptibility
	13.4 Characteristic Neurobehavioral Syndromes
		13.4.1 Diabetes: Special Considerations
			13.4.1.1 Type 1 Diabetes
			13.4.1.2 Type 2 Diabetes
	13.5 Plasma Glucose Dose Effects
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Neurovascular Consequences of Systemic Disease: Lupus and Primary Hyperparathyroidism
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematous
		14.2.1 Epidemiology
		14.2.2 Pathogenesis
			14.2.2.1 SLE Vasculopathy
			14.2.2.2 Inflammatory Mediators, Cytokines, and Adhesion Molecules
			14.2.2.3 Autoantibodies
			14.2.2.4 Antiphospholipid Antibodies
			14.2.2.5 Other NPSLE antibodies
			14.2.2.6 Atherosclerosis
		14.2.3 Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in SLE
		14.2.4 Laboratory and Radiological Findings
		14.2.5 Laboratory Testing
		14.2.6 Neuroimaging
		14.2.7 Neurofunctional Testing
		14.2.8 Neuropsychological Testing
		14.2.9 Treatment and Prognosis
			14.2.9.1 Treatment of Non-thrombotic Severe NPSLE
			14.2.9.2 Treatment of Thromboembolic Disease in NPSLE
			14.2.9.3 Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in NPSLE
	14.3 Primary Hyperparathyroidism
		14.3.1 Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
		14.3.2 Clinical Manifestations
		14.3.3 Quality of Life (QOL) and Mood in PHPT
		14.3.4 Cognitive Dysfunction in PHPT
		14.3.5 Possible Mechanisms of Neuropathology and Neuropathophysiology
	14.4 Summary and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 15: Depression and Neurovascular Disease
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Vascular Depression
		15.2.1 Clinical Expression of Vascular Depression
		15.2.2 Pathophysiology
		15.2.3 Assessment
		15.2.4 Treatment
		15.2.5 Non-pharmacologic Approaches
	15.3 Post-stroke Depression
		15.3.1 Clinical Expression and Functional Consequences of Post-stroke Depression
		15.3.2 Pathophysiology
		15.3.3 Assessment
		15.3.4 Treatment
		15.3.5 Non-pharmacologic Approaches
	15.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 16: Pediatric Neurovascular Conditions: Developmental and Neuropsychological Implications
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Congenital Heart Disease
		16.2.1 Etiology and Risk Factors
		16.2.2 Treatment and Rehabilitation
		16.2.3 Neurological and Neuropsychological Outcome
	16.3 Pediatric Stroke
		16.3.1 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
		16.3.2 Etiology and Risk Factors
		16.3.3 Treatment and Rehabilitation
		16.3.4 Neurological Outcome
		16.3.5 Neuropsychological Outcome
		16.3.6 Intellectual Ability
		16.3.7 Language
		16.3.8 Visual-Spatial Ability
		16.3.9 Learning, Memory, Attention, and Executive Function
		16.3.10 Social-Emotional Functioning
	16.4 Sickle Cell Disease
		16.4.1 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
		16.4.2 Treatment and Rehabilitation
		16.4.3 Neurological and Neuropsychological Outcome
	16.5 Moyamoya Disease
		16.5.1 Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
		16.5.2 Etiology and Risk Factors
		16.5.3 Treatment and Neurological Outcome
		16.5.4 Neuropsychological Outcome
	16.6 Developmental Considerations
	References
Chapter 17: Functional Brain Imaging in Stroke Patients
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Measuring Blood Flow in the Human Brain
		17.2.1 The Dilemma with Measuring Hemodynamic Response in Individuals with a Stroke Lesion
	17.3 fMRI in Stroke Patients
	17.4 Consequences of Disrupted Hemodynamic Response by Stroke
	17.5 Future Directions
	References
Chapter 18: Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Impact of Cognitive Deficits Post-Stroke
		18.1.2 Framework for Rehabilitation
	18.2 Focal Cognitive/Perceptual Deficit Syndromes
		18.2.1 Attention
			18.2.1.1 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
			18.2.1.2 Current Research
				Direct Remediation of Non-spatial Attention
				Compensatory Strategies for Non-spatial Attention Deficits
			18.2.1.3 Clinical Applications and Future Directions
		18.2.2 Spatial Neglect
			18.2.2.1 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
			18.2.2.2 Current Research
				Direct Remediation of Spatial Neglect
				Compensatory Strategies for Spatial Neglect
			18.2.2.3 Clinical Applications and Future Directions
		18.2.3 Memory
			18.2.3.1 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
			18.2.3.2 Current Research
				Direct Remediation of Memory Function
				Restitution and Compensatory Approaches for Improving Memory Function
			18.2.3.3 Clinical Application and Future Research
		18.2.4 Language and Communication Disorders
			18.2.4.1 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
			18.2.4.2 Current Research
				Remediative Approaches
				Compensatory Approaches
			18.2.4.3 Clinical Application and Future Research
		18.2.5 Executive Function
			18.2.5.1 Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
			18.2.5.2 Current Research
				Computerized Drill-Based Exercises
				Direct Skill Training
				External Compensatory Strategies to Treat Executive Function Impairments
			18.2.5.3 Clinical Application and Future Research
	18.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 19: Pharmacological Treatment of Post-stroke Cognitive Deficits
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Principles Underlying Recovery Promoted by Cognitive Rehabilitation and Drugs
		19.1.2 Drug Treatment: The State-of-the-Art
		19.1.3 Theoretical Justification for Using Drugs in Post-stroke Cognitive Disorders
		19.1.4 Aphasia
		19.1.5 Neglect
		19.1.6 Vascular Cognitive Impairment
		19.1.7 Refining and Expanding the Use of Efficacy Measures
		19.1.8 Responder Analysis
		19.1.9 Combined Therapies
		19.1.10 Neural Network Modulation and Cognition-Enhancing Drugs
	References
Chapter 20: Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Human Stroke Survivors
	20.1 State of the Field in Human Non-invasive Brain Stimulation
	20.2 NIBS in Stroke
	20.3 Biomarker
		20.3.1 TMS as an Outcome Predictor
		20.3.2 TMS as a Plasticity Probe
		20.3.3 TMS to Test Drug Effects/Target Engagement
	20.4 Understanding Stroke
		20.4.1 TMS to Understand Pathophysiology
		20.4.2 Virtual Lesion Experiments
		20.4.3 Reorganization: Motor Mapping
	20.5 Treatment
		20.5.1 Treatment Considerations
		20.5.2 TMS as Treatment
		20.5.3 TES as Treatment
		20.5.4 NIBS in Combination with Drugs
		20.5.5 The Impact of Stroke on Brain Networks
		20.5.6 Focality of a Single Cortical Target
		20.5.7 Network Effects of NIBS
		20.5.8 Multifocal Stimulation
		20.5.9 Limitations and Future Directions of NIBS in Stroke Recovery
	References
Index