Neurosurgical Diseases: An Evidence-Based Approach to Guide Practice

Neurosurgical Diseases: An Evidence-Based Approach to Guide Practice
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
1 Natural History and Management Options of Recurrent Glioblastoma
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Recurrent Glioblastoma
	1.3 The Natural History of Recurrent Glioblastoma
	1.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Recurrent Glioblastoma
	1.5 Treatment Options for Recurrent Glioblastoma
		1.5.1 Repeat Surgery
		1.5.2 Further Radiotherapy
		1.5.3 Further Chemotherapy
	1.6 Authors’ Recommendations
2 Natural History and Management Options of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Unruptured bAVM
		2.2.1 Comparing Future Risk of ICH for Unruptured bAVM
		2.2.2 Factors that Impact on the Risk of First ICH
		2.2.3 The Expected Outcome fromb AVM ICH
		2.2.4 Understanding the Cause for ICH Associated with bAVM
	2.3 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options for Unruptured Brain AVM
	2.4 Treatment Options for Unruptured Brain AVM
		2.4.1 Embolization
		2.4.2 Radiosurgery
		2.4.3 Surgery with or without Planned Preoperative Embolization
		2.4.4 Results of Surgery
		2.4.5 Combined Treatment
		2.4.6 Conclusion Regarding Treatment
3 Natural History and Surgical Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Spontaneous ICHs
	3.3 Natural History of Spontaneous ICHs
	3.4 Natural History of Spontaneous Supratentorial ICH
	3.5 Natural History of Spontaneous Infratentorial ICH
	3.6 Selected Papers on Surgical Management of Spontaneous ICHs
	3.7 Surgical Management Options for Spontaneous ICHs
	3.8 Surgical Management of Spontaneous Supratentorial ICH
	3.9 Surgical Management of Spontaneous Infratentorial ICH
	3.10 Surgical Management for Spontaneous ICH Associated with Intraventricular Hemorrhage
	3.11 Medical Management of Spontaneous ICH
	3.12 Authors’ Recommendations
		3.12.1 Medical Management of Spontaneous ICH
		3.12.2 Management of Supratentorial Hemorrhage
		3.12.3 Management of Infratentorial Hemorrhage
		3.12.4 Management of Intraventricular Hemorrhage
4 Natural History and Management Options of Pineal Cyst
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Pineal Cyst
	4.3 Natural History
	4.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options for Pineal Cyst
	4.5 Treatment Options for Pineal Cysts
	4.6 Authors’ Recommendations
5 Natural History and Management Options of Colloid Cysts
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Colloid Cysts
	5.3 Natural History of Colloid Cysts
	5.4 Predicting the Risk of Sudden Death
	5.5 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Colloid Cysts
	5.6 Treatment Options
	5.7 Authors’ Recommendations
6 Natural History and Management Options of Vestibular Schwannomas
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Selected Papers on Natural History
	6.3 Natural History
		6.3.1 Rate of Growth
		6.3.2 Risk Factors for Growth
		6.3.3 Growth in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Vestibular Schwannomas
	6.4 Selected Papers on Treatment
	6.5 Treatment
		6.5.1 Microsurgery
		6.5.2 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		6.5.3 Microsurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		6.5.4 Neurofibromatosis Type 2
	6.6 Authors’ Recommendations
7 Natural History and Management Options of Acromegaly
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Pathology
	7.3 Clinical Signs and Presentation
	7.4 Imaging
	7.5 Diagnosis and Follow-up
	7.6 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Acromegaly
	7.7 Natural History of Acromegaly
	7.8 Selected Papers on the Management Options for Acromegaly
	7.9 Management Options
		7.9.1 Surgery
		7.9.2 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		7.9.3 Medical Therapy
	7.10 Authors’ Recommendations
8 Natural History and Management Options for Cushing’s Disease
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cushing’s Disease
	8.3 The Natural History of Cushing’s Disease
	8.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Cushing’s Disease
	8.5 Treatment of Cushing’s Disease
		8.5.1 Surgical Resection
		8.5.2 Radiation Therapy
		8.5.3 Medical Treatment
		8.5.4 Recurrent Cushing’s Disease
	8.6 Authors’ Recommendations
9 Natural History and Management Options of Traumatic Brain Injury
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Traumatic Brain Injury
	9.3 Natural History of Traumatic Brain Injury
	9.4 Predicting Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury
	9.5 Assessment of the Primary Brain Injury
	9.6 Assessment of Secondary Brain Injury
	9.7 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes
	9.8 Treatment Options
	9.9 Medical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
	9.10 Surgical Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
	9.11 Decompressive Craniectomy Following Severe Traumatic—not Hemicraniectomy Brain Injury
	9.12 Authors’ Recommendations
10 Natural History and Management Options of Angionegative Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Angionegative SAH
	10.3 Natural History
	10.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options of Angionegative SAH
	10.5 Treatment Options
	10.6 Authors’ Recommendations
11 Natural History and Management Options of Low-Grade Glioma
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of LGG
	11.3 Natural History of Low-Grade Glioma
	11.4 Rate of Progression to High-Grade Glioma
	11.5 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of LGGs
	11.6 Treatment Options
		11.6.1 Surveillance Alone
		11.6.2 Radical Surgical Resection
		11.6.3 Radiotherapy
		11.6.4 Chemotherapy
	11.7 Prognostication
	11.8 Authors’ Recommendations
12 Natural History and Management Options of Nonfunctional Pituitary Adenoma
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of NFPAs
	12.3 Natural History of NFPAs
	12.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options of NFPAs
	12.5 Management Options
		12.5.1 Endocrine Evaluation
		12.5.2 Ophthalmologic Evaluation
		12.5.3 Surgery
		12.5.4 Radiation Therapy
		12.5.5 Medical Therapy
	12.6 Authors’ Recommendations
13 Natural History and Management Options of Craniopharyngioma
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Craniopharyngioma
	13.3 Natural History of Craniopharyngioma
	13.4 Selected Papers on the Management of Craniopharyngioma
	13.5 Treatment Options
		13.5.1 Surgery
	13.6 Our Experience
	13.7 Authors’ Recommendations
14 Natural History and Management Options of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Selected Papers on Natural History
	14.3 Natural History of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
		14.3.1 Factors Predicting Blindness or Poor Visual Outcome
	14.4 Selected Papers on Management Options for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
	14.5 Management Options for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
		14.5.1 Weight Loss Including Bariatric Surgery
		14.5.2 Pharmaceutical Treatments
		14.5.3 Surgical Treatments
	14.6 Authors’ Recommendations
15 Natural History and Management Options of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
	15.3 Natural History
		15.3.1 Inflammation
		15.3.2 Angiogenesis
		15.3.3 Hyperfibrinolysis
	15.4 Selected Papers on the Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
	15.5 Treatment Options
		15.5.1 Surgical
		15.5.2 Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma
		15.5.3 Nonsurgical
	15.6 Authors’ Recommendations
16 Natural History and Management Options of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Selected Papers on Natural History of UIAs
	16.3 Natural History of UIAs
	16.4 Lifelong Rupture Risk of Intracranial Aneurysms Depends on Risk Factors
	16.4.1 Aneurysm-Related Risk Factors
	16.5 Serial Imaging Surveillance
	16.6 Selected Papers on Management Options for UIAs
	16.7 Management Options for UIAs
	16.8 Endovascular and Surgical Repair: Outcomes and Obliteration Rates
	16.9 Authors’ Recommendations
17 Natural History and Management Options of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
	17.3 Natural History of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		17.3.1 Vasospasm
		17.3.2 Chronic Hydrocephalus
		17.3.3 Seizure
	17.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
	17.5 Management Options for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		17.5.1 Intracranial PressureManagement
		17.5.2 Seizure Prophylaxis
		17.5.3 Timing of Treatment
		17.5.4 Overview of Treatment Modalities
		17.5.5 Comparing Treatment Modalities
		17.5.6 Procedural and Periprocedural Complications
		17.5.7 Rerupture after Treatment
	17.6 Authors’ Recommendations
18 Natural History and Management Options of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cavernous Malformations
	18.3 Natural History of Cavernous Malformation
		18.3.1 Risk of Hemorrhage
		18.3.2 Risk of Rebleeding
		18.3.3 Risk of Seizures
		18.3.4 Associated Vascular Abnormalities
	18.4 Limitations of Studies on the Natural History of Cavernomas
	18.5 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes for Cavernous Malformations
	18.6 Treatment Options for Cavernous Malformations
		18.6.1 Recommendations for Treatment
	18.7 Authors’ Recommendations
19 Natural History and Management Options of Skull Base Chordoma
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Skull Base Chordoma
	19.3 Natural History of Skull Base Chordoma
	19.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Skull Base Chordoma
	19.5 Treatment Options and Surgical Outcome
	19.6 Authors’ Recommendations
20 Natural History and Management Options of Chiari 1 Malformation
	20.1 Introduction
		20.1.1 CM-1-Associated Syringomyelia
		20.1.2 Pathophysiology of Chiari Malformation Type 1
	20.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Chiari Malformation Type 1
	20.3 Natural History of Chiari Malformation Type 1
		20.3.1 Asymptomatic Chiari Malformation Type 1
		20.3.2 Symptomatic Chiari Malformation Type 1
	20.4 Selected Papers on the Management Options of Chiari Malformation Type 1
		20.4.1 Adults
		20.4.2 Pediatrics
	20.5 Management Options for Chiari Malformation Type 1
	20.6 Authors’ Recommendations
21 Natural History and Management Options of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Pathophysiology
		21.1.2 Classification
		21.1.3 Clinical Presentation and Imaging Evaluation
	21.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
	21.3 Natural History of DAVFs
		21.3.1 Natural History of Low-Grade DAVFs
		21.3.2 Natural History of High-Grade DAVFs
	21.4 Selected Papers on Treatment Outcomes of DAVFs
	21.5 Treatment Strategy
	21.6 Therapeutic Options
		21.6.1 Endovascular Treatment
		21.6.2 Endovascular Outcomes
		21.6.3 Microsurgical Treatment
		21.6.4 Microsurgical Outcomes
		21.6.5 Radiosurgical Treatment
		21.6.6 Radiosurgical Outcomes
	21.7 Authors’ Recommendations
22 Natural History and Management Options of Cerebral Metastases
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Cerebral Metastases
	22.3 Natural History of Cerebral Metastases
	22.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Outcomes of Cerebral Metastases
	22.5 Treatment Options for Cerebral Metastases
		22.5.1 Supportive
		22.5.2 Surgery
		22.5.3 Whole Brain Radiotherapy
		22.5.4 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		22.5.5 Chemotherapy and Novel Agents
		22.5.6 Treatment Outcomes by Primary Malignancy
	22.6 Authors’ Recommendations
23 Natural History and Management Options of Convexity Meningioma
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Convexity Meningioma
	23.3 Natural History of Incidental Convexity Meningioma
		23.3.1 Size
		23.3.2 Growth Rate and Tumor Doubling Time
	23.4 Risk Factors That Predict Tumor Growth
	23.5 Recurrence
	23.6 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options for Convexity Meningioma
	23.7 Treatment Options for Convexity Meningioma
	23.8 Observation
	23.9 Surgery
	23.10 Radiotherapy
	23.11 Authors’ Recommendations
24 Natural History and Management Options of Ruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Ruptured bAVMs
	24.3 Natural History of Ruptured bAVM
	24.4 Risk of Recurrent Hemorrhage
	24.5 Other Factors
	24.6 Associated Aneurysms
	24.7 Infratentorial Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
	24.8 Deep Venous Drainage
	24.9 Selected Papers on the Treatment of Ruptured bAVMs
	24.10 Treatment Options for Ruptured bAVM
	24.11 Surgery
		24.11.1 Timing of Intervention
	24.12 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
		24.12.1 Timing of Radiosurgery
	24.13 Embolization
		24.13.1 Role of Embolization
		24.13.2 Timing of Embolization
		24.13.3 Outcomes of Embolization
	24.14 Authors’ Recommendations
25 Natural History and Management Options of Trigeminal Neuralgia
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Trigeminal Neuralgia
	25.3 Natural History of Trigeminal Neuralgia
	25.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
	25.5 Treatment Options of Trigeminal Neuralgia
		25.5.1 Medical Therapy
		25.5.2 Microvascular Decompression
		25.5.3 Percutaneous Ablative Procedures
		25.5.4 Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation
		25.5.5 Glycerol/Alcohol Injection
		25.5.6 Balloon Compression
		25.5.7 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
	25.6 Trigeminal Neuralgia in Multiple Sclerosis
	25.7 Authors’ Recommendations
26 Natural History and Management Options of Cerebral Lymphoma
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Diagnosis and Evaluation
	26.2.1 Imaging
	26.3 Selected Papers on Natural History of PCNSL
	26.4 Natural History of PCNSL
	26.5 AIDS-Associated PCNSL
	26.6 Selected Papers on Treatment Outcomes of PCNSL
	26.7 Treatment Outcomes of PCNSL
		26.7.1 The Role of Steroids Prior to Biopsy
		26.7.2 Induction Therapy
		26.7.3 Consolidation Therapy
		26.7.4 Surgery
	26.8 Authors’ Recommendations
27 Natural History and Management Options of Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Selected Papers on the Natural History of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
	27.3 Natural History
	27.4 Selected Papers on the Treatment Options of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
	27.5 Treatment Options
	27.6 Treatment Outcomes
	27.7 Authors’ Recommendations
Index