Neuroscience: exploring the brain

Cover Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
User's Guide......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Path of Discovery Authors......Page 21
Contents in Brief......Page 23
Expanded Contents......Page 25
List of Boxes......Page 39
PART I: FOUNDATIONS......Page 41
CHAPTER 1: Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future......Page 43
THE ORIGINS OF NEUROSCIENCE......Page 44
NEUROSCIENCE TODAY......Page 53
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 60
CHAPTER 2: Neurons and Glia......Page 63
THE NEURON DOCTRINE......Page 64
THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON......Page 68
CLASSIFYING NEURONS......Page 85
GLIA......Page 86
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 88
CHAPTER 3: The Neuronal Membrane at Rest......Page 91
INTRODUCTION......Page 92
THE CAST OF CHEMICALS......Page 93
THE MOVEMENT OF IONS......Page 99
THE IONIC BASIS OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL......Page 101
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 111
CHAPTER 4: The Action Potential......Page 115
PROPERTIES OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL......Page 116
THE ACTION POTENTIAL, IN THEORY......Page 120
THE ACTION POTENTIAL, IN REALITY......Page 122
ACTION POTENTIAL CONDUCTION......Page 133
ACTION POTENTIALS, AXONS, AND DENDRITES......Page 137
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 138
CHAPTER 5: Synaptic Transmission......Page 141
INTRODUCTION......Page 142
TYPES OF SYNAPSES......Page 143
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION......Page 151
PRINCIPLES OF SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION......Page 162
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 170
CHAPTER 6: Neurotransmitter Systems......Page 173
INTRODUCTION......Page 174
STUDYING NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS......Page 175
NEUROTRANSMITTER CHEMISTRY......Page 181
TRANSMITTER-GATED CHANNELS......Page 192
G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS......Page 197
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 204
CHAPTER 7: The Structure of the Nervous System......Page 207
GROSS ORGANIZATION OF THE MAMMALIAN NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 208
UNDERSTANDING CNS STRUCTURE THROUGH DEVELOPMENT......Page 218
A GUIDE TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 235
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 239
CHAPTER 7 APPENDIX: An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy......Page 245
SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN......Page 246
CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN......Page 257
THE SPINAL CORD......Page 266
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 270
THE CRANIAL NERVES......Page 272
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN......Page 274
SELF-QUIZ......Page 276
PART II:  SENSORY AND MOTOR SYSTEMS......Page 289
CHAPTER 8: The Chemical Senses......Page 291
TASTE......Page 292
SMELL......Page 303
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 314
CHAPTER 9: The Eye......Page 317
INTRODUCTION......Page 318
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT......Page 319
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE......Page 320
IMAGE FORMATION BY THE EYE......Page 323
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE RETINA......Page 328
PHOTOTRANSDUCTION......Page 332
RETINAL PROCESSING......Page 338
RETINAL OUTPUT......Page 340
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 346
CHAPTER 10: The Central Visual System......Page 349
THE RETINOFUGAL PROJECTION......Page 350
THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS......Page 355
ANATOMY OF THE STRIATE CORTEX......Page 358
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE STRIATE CORTEX......Page 364
BEYOND STRIATE CORTEX......Page 373
FROM SINGLE NEURONS TO PERCEPTION......Page 377
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 380
CHAPTER 11: The Auditory and Vestibular Systems......Page 383
THE NATURE OF SOUND......Page 384
THE STRUCTURE OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM......Page 387
THE MIDDLE EAR......Page 388
THE INNER EAR......Page 391
CENTRAL AUDITORY PROCESSES......Page 403
ENCODING SOUND INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY......Page 405
MECHANISMS OF SOUND LOCALIZATION......Page 408
AUDITORY CORTEX......Page 412
THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM......Page 416
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 424
CHAPTER 12: The Somatic Sensory System......Page 427
TOUCH......Page 428
PAIN......Page 448
TEMPERATURE......Page 458
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 461
CHAPTER 13: Spinal Control of Movement......Page 463
THE SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM......Page 464
THE LOWER MOTOR NEURON......Page 466
EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING......Page 472
SPINAL CONTROL OF MOTOR UNITS......Page 477
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 489
CHAPTER 14: Brain Control of Movement......Page 491
INTRODUCTION......Page 492
DESCENDING SPINAL TRACTS......Page 493
THE PLANNING OF MOVEMENT BY THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 499
THE BASAL GANGLIA......Page 504
THE INITIATION OF MOVEMENT BY PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX......Page 508
THE CEREBELLUM......Page 512
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 517
PART III: THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR......Page 519
CHAPTER 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior......Page 521
INTRODUCTION......Page 522
THE SECRETORY HYPOTHALAMUS......Page 524
THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 530
THE DIFFUSE MODULATORY SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN......Page 538
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 547
CHAPTER 16: Motivation......Page 549
THE HYPOTHALAMUS, HOMEOSTASIS, AND MOTIVATED BEHAVIOR......Page 550
THE LONG-TERM REGULATION OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR......Page 551
THE SHORT-TERM REGULATION OF FEEDING BEHAVIOR......Page 559
WHY DO WE EAT?......Page 562
OTHER MOTIVATED BEHAVIORS......Page 567
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 570
CHAPTER 17: Sex and the Brain......Page 573
SEX AND GENDER......Page 574
THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEX......Page 577
THE NEURAL BASIS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS......Page 581
WHY AND HOW MALE AND FEMALE BRAINS DIFFER......Page 586
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 600
CHAPTER 18: Brain Mechanisms of Emotion......Page 603
WHAT IS EMOTION?......Page 604
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM CONCEPT......Page 608
THE AMYGDALA AND ASSOCIATED BRAIN CIRCUITS......Page 612
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 622
CHAPTER 19: Brain Rhythms and Sleep......Page 625
THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM......Page 626
SLEEP......Page 634
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS......Page 647
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 655
CHAPTER 20: Language......Page 657
THE DISCOVERY OF SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE AREAS IN THE BRAIN......Page 658
TYPES OF APHASIA......Page 661
ASYMMETRICAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES......Page 668
LANGUAGE STUDIES USING BRAIN STIMULATION AND BRAIN IMAGING......Page 672
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 681
CHAPTER 21: Attention......Page 683
INTRODUCTION......Page 684
BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES OF ATTENTION......Page 685
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATTENTION......Page 689
HOW IS ATTENTION DIRECTED?......Page 696
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 698
CHAPTER 22: Mental Illness......Page 701
MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE BRAIN......Page 702
ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 705
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS......Page 713
SCHIZOPHRENIA......Page 719
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 724
PART IV: THE CHANGING BRAIN......Page 727
CHAPTER 23: Wiring the Brain......Page 729
INTRODUCTION......Page 730
THE GENESIS OF NEURONS......Page 731
THE GENESIS OF CONNECTIONS......Page 737
THE ELIMINATION OF CELLS AND SYNAPSES......Page 744
ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SYNAPTIC REARRANGEMENT......Page 748
ELEMENTARY MECHANISMS OF CORTICAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY......Page 756
WHY CRITICAL PERIODS END......Page 760
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 762
CHAPTER 24: Memory Systems......Page 765
TYPES OF MEMORY AND AMNESIA......Page 766
THE SEARCH FOR THE ENGRAM......Page 771
THE TEMPORAL LOBES AND DECLARATIVE MEMORY......Page 778
THE STRIATUM AND PROCEDURAL MEMORY......Page 791
THE NEOCORTEX AND WORKING MEMORY......Page 794
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 798
CHAPTER 25: Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory......Page 801
PROCEDURAL LEARNING......Page 802
SIMPLE SYSTEMS: INVERTEBRATE MODELS OF LEARNING......Page 805
VERTEBRATE MODELS OF LEARNING......Page 812
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF LONG-TERM MEMORY......Page 827
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 832
GLOSSARY......Page 835
REFERENCES AND RESOURCES......Page 857
INDEX......Page 877