Neuroscience - Exploring the Brain

pt. I. Foundations --
1. Neuroscience : past, present, and future --
The origins of neuroscience --
Views of the brain in ancient Greece --
Views of the brain during the Roman Empire --
Views of the brain from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century --
Nineteenth-Century views of the brain --
Neuroscience today --
Levels of analysis --
Molecular --
Cellular --
Systems --
Behavioral --
Cognitive --
Neuroscientists --
The scientific process --
Use of animals in neuroscience research --
Animal welfare --
Animal rights --
The cost of ignorance : nervous system disorders --
2. Neurons and glia --
The Neuron doctrine --
The Golgi stain --
Cajal's contribution --
The prototypical neuron --
The soma --The nucleus --
Neuronal genes, genetic variation, and genetic engineering --
Endoplasmic reticulum --
Golgi apparatus --
The mitochondrion --
The neuronal membrane --
The cytoskeleton --
The axon --
Dendrites --
Classifying neurons --
Neuronal structure --
Gene expression --
Glia --
Astrocytes --
Meylinating glia --
Other non-neuronal cells --
3. The neuronal membrane at rest --
The cast of chemicals --
Cytosol and extracellular fluid --
The phospholipid membrane --
Protein --
The movement of ions --
Diffusion --
Electricity --
The ionic basis of the membrane potential --
4. The action potential --
Properties of the action potential --
The action potential, in theory --
Membrane currents and conductances --
The action potential, in reality --
The voltage-gated sodium channel --
Action potential conduction --
Conduction velocity --
Myelin and saltatory conduction --
Action potentials, axons, and dendrites --
5. Synaptic transmission --
Electrical synapses --
Chemical synapses --
Principles of chemical synaptic transmission --
Neurotransmitters --
Principles of synaptic integration --
Neuropharmacology --
6. Neurotransmitter systems --
Transmitter release --
Synaptic mimicry --
Receptors --
Ligand-binding --
Neurotransmitter chemistry --
cholinergic neurons --
Catecholaminergic neurons --
Serotonergic neurons --
Amino acidergic neurons --
Other neurotransmitter candidates and intercellular messengers --
Transmitter-gated channels --
G-protein-coupled receptors and effectors --
Divergence and convergence in neurotransmitter systems --
7. The structure of the nervous system --
Gross organization of the mammalian nervous system --
The central nervous system --
The peripheral nervous system --
The cranial nerves --
The meninges --
The ventricular system --
Understanding CNS structure through development --
Neural tube --
Three primary brain vesicles --
Differentiation of the forebrain --
Midbrain --
Hindbrain --
spinal cord --
Special features of the human CNS --
A guide to the cerebral cortex --
Appendix : an illustrated guide to human neuroanatomy. pt. II. Sensory and motor systems --
8. The chemical senses --
Taste --
Basic tastes --
Organs of taste --
Taste receptor cells --
Mechanisms of taste transduction --
Central taste pathways --
Neural coding of taste --
Smell --
The organs of smell --
Olfactory receptor neurons --
Central olfactory pathways --
Spatial and temporal representations of olfactory information --
9. The eye --
Properties of light --
Light --
Optics --
The structure of the eye --
Gross anatomy of the eye --
Cross-sectional anatomy of the eye --
Image formation by the eye --
Refraction by the cornea --
Accommodation by the lens --
The Pupillary light reflex --
The visual field --
Visual acuity --
Microscopic anatomy of the retina --
Photoreceptor structure --
Phototransduction --
Rods --
cones --
Dark and light adaptation --
Calcium's role --
Local adaptation of dark, light, and color --
Retinal processing and output --
Receptive field --
Bipolar cell receptive fields --
Ganglion cell receptive fields --
Ganglion cell photoreceptors --
Parallel processing --
10. The central visual system --
The retinofugal projection --
The optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract --
Right and left visual hemifields --
Targets of the optic tract --
The lateral geniculate nucleus --
Anatomy of the striate cortex --
Retinotopy --
Cytochrome oxidase blobs --
Physiology of the striate cortex --
Receptive fields --
Parallel pathways and cortical modules --
Beyond the striate cortex --
The dorsal stream --
The ventral stream --
From single neurons to perception --
11. The auditory and vestibular systems --
The nature of sound --
The structure of the auditory system --
The middle ear --
Ossicles --
The attenuation reflex --
The inner ear --
anatomy of the cochlea --
Hair cells and the axons of the auditory nerve --
Central auditory processes --
Auditory pathway --
Encoding sound intensity and frequency --
Stimulus frequency, tonotopy, and phase locking --
Mechanism of sound localization --
Horizontal plane --
Vertical plane --
Auditory cortex --
Neuronal response properties --
Effects of auditory cortical lesions and ablation --
The vestibular system --
The vestibular labyrinth --
The otolith organs --
The semicircular canals --
Central vestibular pathways and vestibular reflexes --
Vestibular pathology --
12. The somatic sensory system --
Touch --
Mechanoreceptors of the skin --
Vibration and the pacinian corpuscle --
Mechanosensitive ion channels --
Primary afferent axons --
The spinal cord --
The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway --
The trigeminal touch pathway --
Somatosensory cortex --
Pain --
Nociceptors and the transduction of painful stimuli --
Hyperalgesia and inflammation --
Itch --
Primary afferents and spinal mechanisms --
Ascending pain pathways --
The spinothalamic pain pathway --
The trigeminal pain pathway --
The thalamus and cortex --
The regulation of pain --
Temperature --
Thermoreceptors --
The temperature pathway --
13. Spinal control of movement --
The somatic motor system --
The lower motor neuron --
Alpha motor neurons --
Types of motor units --
Excitation-contraction coupling --
Muscle fiber structure --
Spinal control of motor units --
Proprioception from muscle spindles --
Gamma motor neurons --
Proprioception from golgi tendon organs --
Spinal interneurons --
The generation of spinal motor programs for walking --
14. Brain control of movement --
Descending spinal tracts --
The lateral pathways --
The ventromedial pathways --
The planning of movement by the cerebral cortex --
Motor cortex --
Posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex --
Neuronal correlates of motor planning --
Mirror neurons --
The basal ganglia --
Basal ganglia disorders --
The initiation of movement by primary motor cortex --
The cerebellum --
The motor loop through the lateral cerebellum. pt. III. The brain and behavior --
15. Chemical control of the brain and behavior --
The secretory hypothalamus --
Homeostasis --Pathways to the pituitary --
The autonomic nervous system --
ANS circuits --
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions --
The enteric division --
Neurotransmitters and the pharmacology of autonomic function --
Preganglionic neurotransmitters --
Postganglionic neurotransmitters --
The diffuse modulatory systems of the brain --
The serotonergic raphe nuclei --
The dopaminergic substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area --
The cholinergic basal forebrain and brain stem complexes --
Drugs and the diffuse modulatory systems --
Hallucinogens --
Stimulants --
16. Motivation --
The hypothalamus, homeostasis, and motivated behavior --
The long-term regulation of feeding behavior --
energy balance --
Hormonal and hypothalamic regulation of body fat and feeding --
The short-term regulation of feeding behavior --
Appetite, eating digestion, and satiety --
Ghrelin --
Gastric distension --
Cholecystokinin --
Insulin --
Why do we eat? --
Reinforcement and reward --
The role of dopamine in motivation --
Serotonin, food, and mood --
Other motivated behaviors --
Drinking --
Temperature regulation --
17. Sex and the brain --
Sex and gender --
The genetics of sex --
Sex chromosome abnormalities --
Sexual development and differentiation --
The hormonal control of sex --
Principal male and female hormones --
Control of sex hormones by the pituitary and hypothalamus --
The neural basis of sexual behaviors --
Reproductive organs and their control --
Mammalian mating strategies --
The neurochemistry of reproductive behavior --
Love, bonding and the human brain --
Why and how male and female brains differ --
Sexual dimorphisms of the central nervous system --
Sexual dimorphisms of cognition --
Sex hormones, the brain, and behavior --
Direct genetic effects on behavior and sexual differentiation of the brain --
The activational effects of sex hormones --
Brain changes associated with maternal and paternal behavior --
Estrogen effects on neuron function, memory, and disease --
18. Brain mechanisms of emotion --
Early theories and neural representations --
The James-Lange Theory --
The Cannon-Bard Theory --
Implications of unconscious emotion --
The limbic system --
Broca's limbic lobe --
The Papez circuit --
Emotion theories and neural representations --
Basic emotion theories --
Dimensional emotion theories --
What is an emotion? --
Fear and the amygdala --
The Klüver-Bucy Syndrome --
Anatomy of the amygdala --
Effects of amygdala stimulation and lesions --
A neural circuit for learned fear --
Anger and aggression --
The amygdala and aggression --
Neural components of anger and aggression beyond the amygdala --
Anger, aggression, and the hypothalamus --
The midbrain and aggression --
Serotonergic regulation of anger and aggression --
19. Brain rhythms and sleep --
The electroencephalogram --
Recording brain waves --
EEG rhythms --
Mechanisms and meanings of brain rhythms --
Synchronous rhythms --
Seizures of epilepsy --
Sleep --
The functional states of the brain --
The sleep cycle --
Why do we sleep? --
Functions of dreaming and REM sleep --
Neural mechanisms of sleep --
Wakefulness and the ascending reticular activating system --
Falling asleep and the non-REM state --
Mechanism of REM sleep --
Sleep-promoting factors --
Gene expression during sleeping and waking --
Circadian rhythms --
Biological clocks --
The suprachiasmatic nucleus : a brain clock --
20. Language --
What is language? --
Human sound and speech production --
Language in animals --
Language acquisition --
Genes involved in language --
FOXP2 and verbal dyspraxia --
Genetic factors in specific language impairment and dyslexia --
The discovery of specialized language areas in the brain --
Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area --
Language insights from the study of aphasia --
Broca's aphasia --
Wernicke's aphasia --
The Wernicke-Geschwind model of language and aphasia --
Conduction aphasia --
Aphasia in bilinguals and deaf people --
Asymmetrical language processing the two cerebral hemispheres --
Language processing split-brain humans --
Left hemisphere language dominance --
Language functions of the right hemisphere --
anatomical asymmetry and language --
Language studies using brain stimulation and human brain imaging --
21. The resting brain, attention, and consciousness --
Resting state brain activity --
The brain's default mode network --
Attention --
Behavioral consequences of attention --
Physiological effects of attention --
Brain circuits for the control of attention --
The pulvinar --
The frontal eye fields, eye movements, and attention --
Salience and priority maps --
A priority map in the parietal lobe --
The frontoparietal attention network --
22. Mental illness --
Mental illness and the brain --
Psychosocial approaches to mental illness --
Biological approaches to mental illness --
Anxiety disorders --
Panic disorder --
Agoraphobia --
Other disorders characterized by increased anxiety --
Post-traumatic stress disorder --
Obsessive-compulsive disorder --
Biological bases of anxiety disorders --
Treatments of anxiety disorders --
Psychotherapy --
Anxiolytic medications --
Affective disorders --
Major depression --
Bipolar disorder --
Biological bases of affective disorders --
The monoamine hypothesis --
The diathesis-stress hypothesis --
Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction --
Treatments for affective disorders--
Electroconvulsive therapy --
Psychotherapy --
Antidepressants --
Lithium --
Deep brain stimulation --
Schizophrenia --
Biological bases of schizophrenia --
Genes and the environment --
The dopamine hypothesis --
The glutamate hypothesis --
Treatments for schizophrenia. pt. IV. The changing brain --
23. Wiring the brain --
The genesis of neurons --
Cell proliferation --
Cell migration --
Cell differentiation --
Differentiation of cortical areas --
The genesis of connections --
The growing axon --
Axon guidance --
Synapse formation --
The elimination of cells and synapses --
Cell death --
Changes in synaptic capacity --
Activity-dependent synaptic rearrangement --
Synaptic segregation --
Synaptic convergence --
Synaptic competition --
Modulatory influences --
Elementary mechanisms of cortical synaptic plasticity --
24. Memory systems --
Types of memory and amnesia --
Declarative and nondeclarative memory --
Procedural memory --
Declarative memory --
Amnesia --
Working memory --
The prefrontal cortex and working memory --
Area LIP and working memory --
Declarative memory --
The neocortex and declarative memory --
Hebb and the cell assembly --
Studies implicating the medial temporal lobes --
Temporal lobe amnesia --
Temporal lobectomy and amnesia --
An animal model of human amnesia --
Memory functions of the hippocampal system --
Hippocampal lesions --
Spatial memory, place cells, and grid cells --
Hippocampal functions beyond spatial memory --
Consolidating memories and retaining engrams --
Procedural memory --
The striatum and procedural memory in rodents --
Habit learning in humans and nonhuman primates --
25. Molecular mechanisms of learning and memory --
Memory acquisition --
Cellular reports of memory formation --
Distributed memory storage --
Strengthening synapses --
Anatomy of the hippocampus --
Weakening synapses --
LTP, LTD, and memory --
Synaptic homeostasis --
Metaplasticity --
Synaptic scaling --
Memory consolidation --
Persistently active protein kinases --
Protein synthesis and memory consolidation --
synaptic tagging and capture --
CREB and memory --
Structural plasticity and memory.