Neuroprotective Natural Products: Clinical Aspects and Mode of Action

Content: List of Contributors xv Dedication xix Preface xxi Editor Biography xxv 1 Neuroprotective Natural Products: Clinical Aspects and Modes of Action     An Overview 1Goutam Brahmachari 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 An Overview of the Book 1 1.3 Concluding Remarks 6 2 Neuroprotective Agents: An Overview on the General Modes of Action 7Christina Volsko and Ranjan Dutta 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Neuroprotective Agents 7 2.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases 12 2.4 Neuroprotection in Common Neurodegenerative Diseases 13 2.5 Concluding Remarks 16 Acknowledgments 17 Abbreviations 17 References 17 3 Beneficial Upshots of Naturally Occurring Antioxidant Compounds against Neurological Disorders 23Sukanya Saha, Pritam Sadhukhan, and Parames C. Sil 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Oxidative Stress 25 3.3 Neurological Disorders 28 3.4 Beneficial Effects of Different Antioxidants against Various Neurological Disorders 34 3.5 Concluding Remarks 40 Abbreviations 41 References 42 4 Natural Neuroprotectives for the Management of Parkinson   s Disease 57Bharti Gaba, Shobhit Kumar, Shadab Md, Sanjula Baboota, Jasjeet. K. Narang, and Javed Ali 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Role of Antioxidants/Natural Neuroprotectives in PD 58 4.3 Concluding Remarks 74 Abbreviations 75 References 75 5 Neuroprotective Effect of Ayurvedic Preparations and Natural Products on Parkinson   s Disease 91Anupom Borah, Amarendranath Choudhury, Rajib Paul, Muhammed K. Mazumder, and Swapnali Chetia 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Parkinsonian Symptoms and Ayurveda 92 5.3 Medicinal Plants in the Ayurvedic Formulation for Parkinson   s Disease Therapy 94 5.4 Concluding Remarks 97 Abbreviations 97 References 98 6 Lipid Peroxidation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer   s and Parkinson   s Diseases: Role of Natural Products as Cytoprotective Agents 107Carlos Fernandez-Moriano, Elena Gonzalez-Burgos, and Maria Pilar Gomez-Serranillos 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 History and Context 117 6.3 Potential Therapeutic Agents with Natural Origin: Current Knowledge on the Discovery of Newer Drugs 119 6.4 Future Trends in Research 132 6.5 Concluding Remarks 133 Abbreviations 134 References 135 7 Marine-Derived Anti-Alzheimer   s Agents of Promise 153Kapil Dev and Rakesh Maurya 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Identification of Potent Anti-Alzheimer   s Agents from Marine Sources 154 7.3 Molecules in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer   s Disease from Marine Sources 171 7.4 Concluding Remarks 172 Acknowledgments 172 Abbreviations 172 References 173 8 Natural Products against Huntington   s Disease (HD): Implications of Neurotoxic Animal Models and Transgenics in Preclinical Studies 185Abhijit Dey 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Methodology 186 8.3 Neurotoxic In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-HD Models 188 8.4 Anti-HD Natural Products and Implications of HD Models 200 8.5 Synergism: A Novel Approach against Neurological Disorders 212 8.6 Discussion 213 8.7 Concluding Remarks 215 Abbreviations 215 References 218 9 Possible Role of Neuroprotectants and Natural Products in Epilepsy: Clinical Aspects and Mode of Action 247Anil Kumar, Manveen Bhardwaj, and Harshpreet Kaur 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Global Prevalence of Natural Products in Epilepsy 248 9.3 Pathophysiology of Epilepsy 248 9.4 Role of Neurotransmitters in Neuronal Excitation 250 9.5 Role of Neuroprotectants in Seizures 252 9.6 Natural Plants against Epilepsy 256 9.7 Natural Plants Examined in Epilepsy 259 9.8 German Herbs in Epilepsy 262 9.9 Complement and Alternative Medicine 263 9.10 Marketed Formulation of Natural Products in India 264 9.11 Herbs That Induce Seizures 264 9.12 Interaction of Natural Products with Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) 264 9.13 Concluding Remarks 267 References 268 10 Neuroprotective Effects of Flavonoids in Epilepsy 279Hossein Hosseinzadeh and Marjan Nassiri-Asl 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Natural Flavonoids with Antiepileptic Potential 281 10.3 Discovery and Development of Newer Agents 285 10.4 Concluding Remarks 286 Abbreviations 286 References 287 11 The Role of Noncompetitive Antagonists of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptors in Treatment-Resistant Depression 293Gianluca Serafini, Shawn Hayley, Mehdi Ghasemi, and Mario Amore 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Noncompetitive Antagonists of the NMDA Receptors: Ketamine and Its Mechanism of Action 294 11.3 Other Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonists: Selective GluN2B Subunit NMDA Antagonists 297 11.4 Other Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonists: Glycine Binding Site Modulators 298 11.5 AMPA Receptor Activation: A Possible Adjunctive Antidepressant Role? 299 11.6 Discussion and Future Directions 300 11.7 Concluding Remarks 301 Abbreviations 302 References 302 12 Safety and Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) 313Shri K. Mishra, Bharathi A. Venkatachalapathy, and Hadi M. Khanli 12.1 Introduction 313 12.2 Ashwagandha 314 12.3 Discussion 317 12.4 Concluding Remarks 317 Abbreviations 318 References 318 13 Cannabinoids: A Group of Promising Neuroprotective Agents 321Laura R. Caltana and Alicia Brusco 13.1 Introduction 321 13.2 The Cannabinoid System 322 13.3 Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection 325 13.4 Concluding Remarks 329 Abbreviations 330 References 330 Index 341