NEUROPATHOLOGY SIMPLIFIED a guide for clinicians and neuroscientists.

Preface
Contents
1: Normal Histology and Commonly Used Stains
	1.1	 Cells of the Nervous System
		1.1.1	 Neurons
		1.1.2	 Astrocytes
		1.1.3	 Oligodendrocytes
		1.1.4	 Schwann Cells
		1.1.5	 Ependyma
		1.1.6	 Microglia
		1.1.7	 Supporting Tissues
	1.2	 General Architecture of the Nervous System
		1.2.1	 Grey and White Matter
		1.2.2	 Peripheral Nerve
		1.2.3	 Ganglia
		1.2.4	 Skeletal Muscle
	1.3	 Commonly Used Stains in Neuropathology
		1.3.1	 Tinctorial Stains
		1.3.2	 Immunohistochemical Preparations
	References
2: Basic Pathologic Reactions
	2.1	 Neurons
		2.1.1	 Neuronal Atrophy and Neuronal Loss
		2.1.2	 Hypoxic-Ischaemic Change
		2.1.3	 Chromatolysis
		2.1.4	 Abnormal Deposits and Inclusions
		2.1.5	 Axonal Alterations
	2.2	 Astrocytes
		2.2.1	 Gliosis
		2.2.2	 Alzheimer Type II Astrocyte
		2.2.3	 Rosenthal Fibers
		2.2.4	 Eosinophilic Granular Bodies
		2.2.5	 Corpora Amylacea
	2.3	 Oligodendrocytes
		2.3.1	 Demyelination
		2.3.2	 Inclusions
	2.4	 Ependyma
		2.4.1	 Atrophy
		2.4.2	 Discontinuity
		2.4.3	 Granulations
	2.5	 Microglia
		2.5.1	 Diffuse Microglial Activation and Microglial Nodules
	References
3: Requesting and Interpreting Pathological Tests
	3.1	 Neurosurgical Specimens
	3.2	 Muscle and Nerve Biopsies
	3.3	 Cerebrospinal Fluid
	3.4	 Skin Biopsies
	3.5	 Other Samples
4: Vascular Diseases
	4.1	 Vascular Anatomy
		4.1.1	 Arterial Supply
		4.1.2	 Venous Drainage
	4.2	 Diseases Affecting the Blood Vessels
		4.2.1	 Atherosclerosis
		4.2.2	 Small Vessel Disease
		4.2.3	 Amyloid Angiopathy
		4.2.4	 Hereditary Vascular Diseases
		4.2.5	 Vasculitides
		4.2.6	 Vascular Malformations
		4.2.7	 Aneurysms
	4.3	 Consequences of Cerebrovascular Diseases
		4.3.1	 Ischaemia and Infarction
		4.3.2	 Haemorrhage
	References
5: Infections
	5.1	 Bacterial Infections
		5.1.1	 Acute Bacterial Meningitis
		5.1.2	 Abscess
		5.1.3	 Chronic Bacterial Infections
	5.2	 Viral Infections
		5.2.1	 Aseptic Meningitis
		5.2.2	 Encephalitis or Encephalomyelitis
	5.3	 Fungal Infections
	5.4	 Parasitic Infections
		5.4.1	 Protozoal Infections
		5.4.2	 Metazoal/Helminthic Infections
	5.5	 Role of Brain Biopsy in Infectious Diseases
	References
6: Tumours of Central Nervous System
	6.1	 Classification
	6.2	 Sending Specimens to the Laboratory
	6.3	 Gliomas
		6.3.1	 Diffuse Astrocytic and Oligodendroglial Tumours
		6.3.2	 Other Astrocytic Tumours (Table 6.3)
		6.3.3	 Genetics of Gliomas
		6.3.4	 Non-astrocytic Gliomas
			6.3.4.1	 Ependymomas
	6.4	 Tumours Showing Neuronal With or Without Glial Features
		6.4.1	 Ganglioglioma and Gangliocytoma
		6.4.2	 Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour
		6.4.3	 Central Neurocytoma
		6.4.4	 Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma and Ganglioglioma
		6.4.5	 Dysplastic Gangliocytoma of the Cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos Syndrome)
	6.5	 Embryonal Tumours
		6.5.1	 Medulloblastoma
		6.5.2	 Other Embryonal Tumors
	6.6	 Pineal Region Tumours
	6.7	 Choroid Plexus Tumours
	6.8	 Meningeal Tumours
		6.8.1	 Meningiomas
		6.8.2	 Other Tumours of the Meninges
	6.9	 Pituitary Region Tumours
	6.10	 Lymphomas
	6.11	 Tumours of the Peripheral Nerves
	6.12	 Other Tumours Affecting the CNS
	References
7: Demyelinating Diseases
	7.1	 Multiple Sclerosis
		7.1.1	 Classic Multiple Sclerosis
		7.1.2	 Acute Multiple Sclerosis
		7.1.3	 Concentric Sclerosis
	7.2	 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (Devic’s Disease)
	7.3	 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
	7.4	 Acute Haemorrhagic Leukoencephalopathy
	7.5	 Trigeminal Neuralgia
	References
8: Epilepsy
	8.1	 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
	8.2	 Focal Cortical Dysplasia
	8.3	 Hippocampal Sclerosis
	8.4	 Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
	References
9: Muscle Diseases
	9.1	 Muscle Biopsy Technique
	9.2	 Laboratory Preparation
	9.3	 Normal Structure of Muscle
	9.4	 General Pathological Reactions
	9.5	 Muscular Dystrophies
		9.5.1	 Dystrophin-Related Muscular Dystrophies
		9.5.2	 Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
		9.5.3	 Congenital Muscular Dystrophies
		9.5.4	 Other Muscular Dystrophies
	9.6	 Congenital Myopathies
	9.7	 Myofibrillar Myopathies
	9.8	 Metabolic Myopathies
	9.9	 Inflammatory Muscle Disease
	9.10	 Toxic Myopathies
	9.11	 Neurogenic Disorders
	References
10: Peripheral Nerve Diseases
	10.1	 Nerve Biopsy Technique
	10.2	 Laboratory Preparation
	10.3	 Normal Structure of Peripheral Nerve
	10.4	 General Pathological Reactions
	10.5	 Inflammatory Neuropathies
		10.5.1	 Guillain-Barre Syndrome
		10.5.2	 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)
		10.5.3	 Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction Block
		10.5.4	 Idiopathic Perineuritis
		10.5.5	 Sarcoidosis
		10.5.6	 Vasculitis
	10.6	 Neuropathies Associated with Infectious Disease
		10.6.1	 Leprosy
		10.6.2	 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
		10.6.3	 Lyme Disease
		10.6.4	 Diphtheria
	10.7	 Toxic Neuropathies
	10.8	 Metabolic and Nutritional Neuropathies
		10.8.1	 Diabetes Mellitus
		10.8.2	 Uraemia
	10.9	 Neuropathies Associated with Paraprotein
	10.10	 Amyloid Neuropathies
	10.11	 Miscellaneous Neuropathies
		10.11.1	 Paraneoplastic Neuropathy
		10.11.2	 Critical Illness Neuromyopathy
		10.11.3	 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
	10.12	 Hereditary Neuropathies
	10.13	 Skin Biopsy in Small Fibre Neuropathies
	References
11: Metabolic, Toxic and Nutritional Diseases
	11.1	 Metabolic Diseases
		11.1.1	 Hypoglycaemia
		11.1.2	 Electrolyte Imbalance
		11.1.3	 Hepatic Encephalopathy
		11.1.4	 Wilson’s Disease
		11.1.5	 Uraemic Encephalopathy
		11.1.6	 Amino Acid Disorders
		11.1.7	 Urea Cycle Disorders
		11.1.8	 Porphyrias
		11.1.9	 Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders
		11.1.10	 Mitochondrial Disorders
	11.2	 Toxic Disorders
		11.2.1	 Ethanol
	11.3	 Nutritional Deficiencies
	References
12: Neurodegenerative Disorders
	12.1	 Dementia
		12.1.1	 Alzheimer’s Disease
		12.1.2	 Dementia with Lewy Bodies
		12.1.3	 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
		12.1.4	 Prion Diseases
	12.2	 Disorders Predominantly Affecting the Basal Ganglia
		12.2.1	 Huntington’s Disease
		12.2.2	 Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
		12.2.3	 Neuroacanthocytosis
	12.3	 Disorders Predominantly Affecting the Midbrain
		12.3.1	 Parkinson’s Disease
		12.3.2	 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
		12.3.3	 Multiple System Atrophy
		12.3.4	 Corticobasal Degeneration
		12.3.5	 Other Disorders
	12.4	 Cerebellar Degeneration
	12.5	 Motor Neuron Diseases
		12.5.1	 Motor Neuron Disease
		12.5.2	 X-Linked Bulbar Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Kennedy’s Disease)
		12.5.3	 Spinal Muscular Atrophy
	12.6	 Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
	References
13: Trauma
	13.1	 Focal Injury
		13.1.1	 Scalp Injury
		13.1.2	 Skull Fractures
		13.1.3	 Brain Contusions and Lacerations
	13.2	 Traumatic Intracranial Haemorrhage
		13.2.1	 Extradural Haemorrhage
		13.2.2	 Subdural Haemorrhage
		13.2.3	 Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
		13.2.4	 Parenchymal Haemorrhage
		13.2.5	 Intraventricular Haemorrhage
	13.3	 Other Localised Injury
		13.3.1	 Focal Vascular Injury
		13.3.2	 Pituitary Gland Infarction
		13.3.3	 Brain Stem Avulsion
		13.3.4	 Cranial Nerve Avulsion
	13.4	 Diffuse Brain Injury
		13.4.1	 Diffuse Axonal Injury
		13.4.2	 Diffuse Vascular Injury
		13.4.3	 Brain Swelling and Ischaemia
		13.4.4	 Fat Embolism
	13.5	 Missile Head Injury
	13.6	 Inflicted Head Injury in Childhood
	13.7	 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
	13.8	 Spinal Cord Injury
	References
14: Paediatric Diseases
	14.1	 Congenital Malformations
		14.1.1	 Neural Tube Defects
		14.1.2	 Chiari Malformations
		14.1.3	 Disorders of Forebrain Induction
		14.1.4	 Neuronal Migration Disorders
		14.1.5	 Encephaloclastic Defects
		14.1.6	 Microcephaly, Megalencephaly, Hemi-megalencephaly
		14.1.7	 Cerebellar, Brainstem and Spinal Cord Malformations
	14.2	 Hydrocephalus
	14.3	 Perinatal Diseases
		14.3.1	 Hypoxic-Ischaemic Neuronal Injury
		14.3.2	 White Matter Lesions
		14.3.3	 Cerebral Haemorrhages
		14.3.4	 Hypoglycaemia
		14.3.5	 Kernicterus
		14.3.6	 Infections
		14.3.7	 Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases
	References
15: Autopsies
	References
Suggested Reading
Index