Neurology Secrets

Cover......Page 1
Front Cover......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Top 100 Secrets......Page 9
Describe the major types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and their influence on neurologic disease.
......Page 15
What is saltatory conduction?......Page 16
How is a chemical substance established as a neurotransmitter?......Page 17
What is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? By what mechanisms does it induce its effects?
......Page 18
Where does serotonin act in the nervous system?......Page 19
In which disorders affecting the nervous system have abnormalities of potassium channel function been suggested to play a critical role?
......Page 20
Discuss the differences between necrotic and apoptotic neuronal death.......Page 21
What is the fundamental principle of molecular biology?......Page 22
What are trinucleotide or triplet repeats? How have they been linked to neurologic diseases?......Page 23
What is a stem cell?......Page 24
Bibliography
......Page 25
What is dysarthria?......Page 26
Are there other demyelinating diseases?......Page 235
What features distinguish partial from generalized seizures?......Page 323
Which primary brain tumors have a higher propensity to bleed?......Page 27
What are the clinical features of aphemia and where is the lesion that underlies it?......Page 257
Neurology, more than most other specialties, abounds with eponyms and mellifluous phrases that roll off the tongue. For e......Page 450
Can the physician obtain an objective assessment of sleep quality and quantity?......Page 28
What are the clinical features of Broca's aphasia and where is the lesion responsible for it?......Page 173
What is meralgia paresthetica?......Page 29
Which blood tests are typically ordered in a patient with suspected AD to rule out other causes or contributing factors?
......Page 245
What is the only nerve in the sacral plexus that emerges through the greater sciatic foramen, superior to the piriformis muscle?
......Page 30
What does the EMG show in polymyositis?......Page 99
What three bacteria produce exotoxins that affect peripheral nerves either directly or indirectly?......Page 146
What is the only muscle supplied by the sciatic nerve that receives innervation exclusively from the dorsal division (i.e., peroneal component) of
the sciatic nerve?
......Page 31
Metastatic disease accounts for what percentage of CNS tumors?......Page 32
What are the causes of acquired stuttering?......Page 33
What deficit results from poorly fitting crutches?......Page 34
What is thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS)?......Page 35
What are the common signs and symptoms of cervical radiculopathies?......Page 36
What sleep disorders or problems occur with increased frequency during pregnancy?......Page 359
What is the cauda equina?......Page 37
What is the pathway by which this information reaches the cerebral cortex?......Page 38
Which cranial nerve exits the midbrain in close proximity to the corticospinal fibers?......Page 39
What are general somatic afferent nerves? Which cranial nerves carry them?......Page 40
What is the substantia nigra?......Page 41
What is the route of cranial nerve IV?......Page 42
Where does cranial nerve V exit the brain stem?......Page 43
What is the difference between an upper motor neuron (central) and lower motor neuron (peripheral) facial weakness?
......Page 44
What is the gustatory nucleus?......Page 45
If the left hypoglossal nucleus is injured, which way does the tongue deviate?......Page 46
Where does the vestibular information synapse?......Page 47
Which compartments of the cochlea are filled with perilymph?......Page 48
What is the innervation of the external ear canal?......Page 49
What are the functions of each cerebellar ``lobe´´?......Page 50
What are the primary inputs and outputs of the cerebellum?......Page 51
What is the major input to the basal ganglia?......Page 52
What are the olfactory receptor cells?......Page 53
What is unique about the projection of olfactory information to the cerebral cortex?......Page 54
What is Horner's syndrome?......Page 55
What is the pathway of the optic radiation?......Page 56
What is the columnar organization of the cortex?......Page 57
What is meant by the terms anterior and posterior circulation?......Page 59
Which nerves exit the brain stem area between the posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery?
......Page 60
What is the ideal spinal level to do a lumbar puncture?......Page 61
Bibliography
......Page 62
What is the primary difference between communication among animals and humans?......Page 63
Which neuropathies begin proximally rather than distally?......Page 64
How does an abscess appear on CT scan?......Page 383
After a history of a radiculopathy is elicited, what findings can be expected on physical examination?......Page 65
What is the differential diagnosis of macrocephaly in an infant?......Page 363
Which dementia syndromes are associated with alcohol?......Page 66
What minimum number of stains is typically used to evaluate a myopathy? What morphologic features of a myopathy may be seen on biopsy?
......Page 73
How can evoked potentials be used to diagnose MS?......Page 238
After a history of cerebellar disease is elicited, what findings can be expected on physical examination?
......Page 67
What is a normal sensory nerve action potential (SNAP)?......Page 68
What is the cause of PSP?......Page 69
Bibliography......Page 70
When is a headache a sign of a serious neurologic problem?......Page 71
How is the energy from protons manipulated to obtain an MR image?......Page 396
What is senility? Is it normal?......Page 129
What normal structures usually enhance on a postcontrast CT scan?......Page 72
An elderly man taking steroids chronically for lung disease presents with a history and physical examination consistent w......Page 384
What are tubular aggregates?......Page 74
What are the major risk factors for stroke?......Page 75
Which porphyrias are associated with primarily neurologic manifestations?......Page 365
What is inclusion body myositis (IBM)?......Page 76
Which tumors arise in the intradural intramedullary region of the spinal cord?......Page 295
Define myotonia.......Page 77
Which conditions predispose to peripheral neuropathy in patients who take isoniazid?......Page 259
Which leukodystrophy is virtually always associated with a particular endocrinologic deficiency?......Page 401
What systems are involved in MyD?......Page 78
What is ``one-and-a-half´´ syndrome?......Page 79
What is dialysis dementia?......Page 296
Define carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).......Page 440
What neurologic diseases may result in respiratory insufficiency?......Page 80
Is there a relationship between malignant hyperthermia (MH) and central-core disease (CCD)?......Page 81
What is the most serious neurologic complication of sickle cell anemia?......Page 369
What is acid-maltase deficiency? Give the differential diagnosis.......Page 82
What features suggest the diagnosis of secondary dystonia?......Page 195
What are the treatment options for SAH due to ruptured aneurysm?......Page 83
What are the features of Gerstmann's syndrome and where is the responsible lesion?......Page 84
What is neuromyotonia?......Page 85
What is the treatment of vascular dementia?......Page 230
How is GBS treated?......Page 124
What are early side effects of cranial radiation therapy?......Page 86
What is steroid myopathy?......Page 87
Which myopathies are associated with dysphagia?......Page 88
What are the clinical manifestations of myotonic muscular dystrophy?......Page 89
Bibliography
......Page 90
What is declarative memory and how does it differ from nondeclarative memory?......Page 91
What are the characteristics of normal voluntary motor unit potentials?......Page 382
What are the cardinal symptoms and signs of parkinsonism?......Page 93
What are the EMG characteristics of fibrillation potentials?......Page 140
What is the thymus gland? What is a myoid cell?......Page 94
What is the definition of aphasia and how does it differ from dysarthria?......Page 153
How are the alcohol-related dementias differentiated from AD?......Page 95
What are the most common diagnostic tests for MG?......Page 96
What is Down's syndrome?......Page 97
What is the usual steroid regimen in MS?......Page 98
Is MS all one disease?......Page 239
What is multiple system atrophy (MSA)?......Page 100
What is the role of intra-arterial thrombolysis?......Page 284
What is the dialysis disequilibrium syndrome?......Page 222
What are the neurologic signs and symptoms of respiratory insufficiency?......Page 101
What four EEG patterns with an epileptiform morphology are classified as patterns of uncertain diagnostic significance?........Page 430
Describe the clinical features of prolonged hyperventilation.......Page 315
What are the usual signs and symptoms of neonatal meningitis?......Page 102
What is the treatment for the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?......Page 103
Bibliography......Page 104
How does a nerve's size and structure contribute to its speed of conduction? How are the peripheral fibers classified?
......Page 105
List the common developmental reflexes. When do you expect them to be present?......Page 149
What is the significance of fasciculations? When are they nonpathologic?......Page 107
How much sleep is required for optimal daytime function?......Page 349
Which neuropathies are often predominantly sensory?......Page 109
Define an ``onion-bulb´´ formation.......Page 110
Which nerves are commonly used for biopsy?......Page 111
What is the appropriate management for the other dysautonomias seen in GBS?......Page 219
What is the treatment for Wilson's disease?......Page 113
What are the top ten drugs most commonly prescribed by neurologists in America?......Page 155
What are the features of sleep paralysis?......Page 221
What is the role of steroids in MS?......Page 114
Which kinds of peripheral neuropathies are associated with HIV infection?......Page 115
Discuss the role of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) for the treatment of MS.......Page 190
Define critical-illness polyneuropathy.......Page 117
Which antiepileptic drugs are most appropriate for different seizure types?......Page 118
What is POEMS syndrome?......Page 119
What are the chronic acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies?......Page 120
What are the side effects of treatment with amphotericin?......Page 388
In catamenial epilepsy, how do hormone changes predispose to seizures?......Page 339
Compare the profile of the AEDs with regard to effects on oral contraceptives, and their teratogenicity.......Page 121
What clinical grading system is used to characterize patients with SAH?......Page 288
What are the three most common neurologic complications related to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection?......Page 122
Which tests are used to diagnose neuromuscular blockade in the intensive care unit?......Page 443
What are some of the other adverse effects that may be encountered in children who receive cranial XRT?......Page 123
How is ALS diagnosed?......Page 125
What are the clinical subtypes of SMA?......Page 126
What are the clinical manifestations of DMD?......Page 127
Bibliography
......Page 128
Which areas of the brain control sleep?......Page 348
What is the distinction among spondylosis, spondylolisthesis, and spondylolysis?......Page 130
What is the clinical profile of a hemorrhagic stroke?......Page 277
What are the two most common brain tumors in children?......Page 292
What are the central structures that regulate the autonomic functions?......Page 131
After nerve transection, what happens to nerve conduction in the distal segment?......Page 437
What are the clinical features of lumbar stenosis?......Page 132
Classify the Arnold-Chiari malformations.......Page 133
What is the treatment for neurologic crises in AIP?......Page 246
Does serotonin play a role in migraine?......Page 282
Which tests are useful in evaluating back pain?......Page 134
Which patients with seizures should have magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans?......Page 136
What are the characteristics of the 3 per second spike and slow-wave pattern?......Page 423
What is the most common postoperative complication of spinal surgery?......Page 137
What are the most common causes of the failed (surgical) back?......Page 138
How is the image generated on a computed tomography (CT) scan?......Page 139
What bacteria is the most common cause of meningitis in patients with a CSF leak?......Page 236
What is ``saddle anesthesia´´?......Page 141
What are the most common causes of dementia or conditions resembling dementia?......Page 172
What are the clinical features of acute transverse myelitis?......Page 142
In addition to hepatic encephalopathy, what other diseases cause asterixis?......Page 364
Summarize the anatomy of masses that compress the spinal cord.......Page 143
What is repetitive nerve stimulation? How is it used clinically?......Page 438
How does the epidemiology of MS provide clues to its cause?......Page 144
What are the clinical features of syringomyelia?......Page 145
What is the micturition reflex?......Page 147
Is HLA typing useful in the diagnosis of narcolepsy?......Page 314
Describe an appropriate treatment protocol for psychophysiologic insomnia.......Page 356
How can enhanced physiologic tremor be differentiated from ET?......Page 148
What are the neurophysiologic changes in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease (PD)?......Page 177
What are the locations and functions of the individual cranial nerves?......Page 150
What is the approach to localizing a brain stem lesion?......Page 152
Are febrile seizures a risk factor for the development of epilepsy?......Page 279
How can daytime sleepiness be evaluated objectively?......Page 154
Can certain foods bring on migraine?......Page 312
What are the clinical features of the anterior subcortical syndrome and where is the lesion associated with it?
......Page 258
Which factors predict the development of epilepsy after head trauma?......Page 329
What is the significance of hypertension as a risk factor for stroke?......Page 187
What is ``top of the basilar´´ syndrome?......Page 156
What is Parinaud syndrome?......Page 157
What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia?......Page 158
Which three normal EEG patterns may be confused with focal epileptiform spikes in the EEG?......Page 159
What are the advantages of monotherapy?......Page 286
What signs and symptoms help to distinguish central vertigo from peripheral vertigo?......Page 160
Describe the clinical presentation of infection with Acanthamoeba or Naegleria spp.......Page 249
What gives cluster headaches their name?......Page 161
How do you examine for brain stem dysfunction in a comatose patient?......Page 162
What is status epilepticus?......Page 163
What is the apnea test?......Page 164
Bibliography......Page 175
What are the neurotransmitters of the two major striatal output pathways?......Page 165
What is Ribot's law?......Page 255
What is Baltic myoclonus?......Page 168
What is the age of onset for migraine headaches?......Page 169
What are the major inherited cerebellar diseases?......Page 171
Describe the appropriate management for the arrhythmias seen in GBS.......Page 174
Anatomy and Physiology
......Page 176
What features guide the WHO classification for gliomas?......Page 291
What are the most common clinical settings in which brain abscesses develop?......Page 244
What are "benign" febrile seizures?......Page 180
What is the role of anticholinergic drugs and amantadine in the treatment of PD?......Page 181
What clinical fluctuations are recognized in PD?......Page 182
What is the role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of PD?......Page 184
What is the role of surgery in the treatment of PD?......Page 186
What is the treatment for PSP?......Page 188
What is a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan? What role does it have in evaluating patients?.........Page 189
What is essential tremor (ET)?......Page 191
What is the clinical presentation of leptospirosis?......Page 387
Which neuropathologic entities overlap with AD?......Page 192
Describe the role of EMG and nerve conduction studies in diagnosing ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow.......Page 441
What are the major criteria for recording a case of suspected brain death?......Page 433
Discuss the treatment of ET.......Page 193
What is the clinical presentation of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis?......Page 194
Where is the gene for classical dystonia located?......Page 197
What is the basis for the heart rate variability to deep breathing test?......Page 228
What are the most effective medications for the treatment of generalized or segmental dystonias?......Page 198
What is the role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonia?......Page 199
Tic Disorders
......Page 200
What is Anton's syndrome and where are the lesions associated with it?......Page 201
Which patients are good candidates for epilepsy surgery?......Page 202
What is Huntington's disease (HD)?......Page 203
Is there any protective treatment for HD?......Page 204
What is the importance of recognizing stereotypy in an adult patient?......Page 205
What is the pathogenesis of TD?......Page 206
How is myoclonus classified?......Page 207
What is stiff person syndrome (SPS)?......Page 209
What are the paraneoplastic movement disorders?......Page 210
What features of the history must be explored in all patients with suspected autonomic dysfunction?......Page 212
What are the EMG characteristics of fasciculation potentials?......Page 436
What is the Apgar score?......Page 397
Can catecholamine measurements localize the site of autonomic dysfunction?......Page 215
What is the role of the NTS in the central autonomic network?......Page 216
What are the EMG characteristics of activity recorded from a denervated muscle?......Page 293
The incidence of meningioma increases with age. True or false?......Page 218
What are the most common complications of a lumbosacral myelomeningocele?......Page 399
What is LEMS?......Page 220
Do oral contraceptives increase stroke risk in women?......Page 283
Which neurologic conditions cause hypothermia?......Page 224
How can the clinician distinguish between radiation-induced plexopathy and cancerous invasion of the plexus?
......Page 225
What is Fabry's disease?......Page 226
What is anosodiaphoria and where is the lesion that produces it?......Page 227
Injury by Physical Agents and Trauma......Page 406
What are the changes seen in the blood pressure variation during a Valsalva maneuver in a patient with adrenergic failure?
......Page 229
Name three chemotherapeutic agents that may induce thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).......Page 267
What are the most common pharmacologic agents used for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension secondary to autonomic failure?
......Page 231
There is a higher incidence of sudomotor and vasomotor disturbances of the arm with injuries to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus than with injuries to
the upper trunk. Why?
......Page 232
What other disorders are in the differential diagnosis of dementia (not necessarily subcortical) with extrapyramidal features?
......Page 253
How may mastocytosis be confused with autonomic dysfunction?......Page 233
When your attending physician pumps you on rounds, why do you get sweaty palms but not sweaty armpits?......Page 234
Bibliography
......Page 276
Describe the syndrome of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.......Page 327
What are the five phases of a complete migraine attack?......Page 237
In evaluating a child with microcephaly, what are the most important questions to ask in the history?......Page 398
Toxins......Page 385
Discuss the role of natalizumab (Tysabri) for the treatment of MS.......Page 240
What are crocodile tears?......Page 272
What is the best treatment for motor deficits in MS?......Page 241
Bibliography
......Page 242
What features are characteristic of pseudodementia associated with depression?......Page 243
What is meant by the term "learning disability"?......Page 400
Can more than one class of medications be combined for aborting migraine?......Page 313
Define neurapraxia and conduction block. How do they differ from axonal damage?......Page 247
Besides acetylcholine, which transmitters are affected by AD?......Page 248
Can vascular dementia be diagnosed by CT or MRI alone?......Page 250
Does age have any effect on whether or not cranial irradiation would be considered as treatment for cancer?.........Page 251
What disorders or clinical syndromes are typically associated with subcortical dementia?......Page 252
Bibliography
......Page 254
How are sleep disorders classified?......Page 256
What is the differential diagnosis of megalencephaly?......Page 311
Can a previously fluent person become a stutterer after brain injury?......Page 262
What are the most common movements seen in dead people?......Page 454
What is topographagnosia and where is the lesion responsible for it?......Page 263
What is dysphagia?......Page 264
What is utilization behavior and what does it mean to be "stimulus bound"?
......Page 265
What is Whipple's disease? Describe the CNS manifestations.......Page 266
Bibliography
......Page 268
Construct a chart describing the major types of primary generalized seizures.......Page 269
What are the speech signs in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome?......Page 270
Name a neurodegenerative disorder that affects both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system..........Page 271
How many pounds of aspirin are consumed each year in the United States?......Page 451
What staging tests help to exclude systemic lymphoma in patients with CNS lymphoma?......Page 294
Dysphagia
......Page 273
Is lithium useful in cluster headache?......Page 274
List the causes of esophageal mechanical dysphagia.......Page 275
What are the non-stroke-related neurologic complications of cardiac disease?......Page 361
What percentage of strokes can be attributed to each type?......Page 278
What are the sites of predilection for meningiomas?......Page 280
What other imaging methods may be useful in evaluating stroke?......Page 281
A 10-year-old girl with staring spells is referred for an EEG. What routine activating procedures should be performed on......Page 386
What is the role of Coumadin therapy in cerebrovascular disease?......Page 285
What is the clinical profile of SAH?......Page 287
What are the common medicolegal issues that arise in caring for patients with sleep disorders?......Page 289
How is absence status epilepticus treated?......Page 290
What are the typical EEG changes seen with a small lacunar infarct?......Page 419
What are the identifiable causes of seizures as a function of age?......Page 328
What is the usual progression of EEG changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD)?......Page 420
Most tumors that result in epidural spinal cord compression do so by direct extension from bone metastasis. How does lymphoma gain access to the
epidural space?
......Page 297
What is the epidemiology of neurocysticercosis?......Page 298
What are the potential neurologic complications of chemotherapy and biologic response modifiers?......Page 299
What is epilepsia partialis continua? How is it treated?......Page 345
Which hormonal drug may cause retinopathy?......Page 300
Other than culture results, which of the routine studies performed on CSF is the most useful for distinguishing between m......Page 301
What is the most important diagnostic testing for paraneoplastic syndromes?......Page 302
How frequently is dermatomyositis seen as a paraneoplastic problem in adults?......Page 303
How is temporal arteritis diagnosed and treated?......Page 304
For a patient who is taking morphine, 30mg every 4 hours, what would be the equivalent effective dose (equianalgesic dose) of hydromorphone?
......Page 305
Is intravenous administration of opioid medication superior to the oral route?......Page 306
Is the risk for stroke altered in pregnancy?......Page 307
What is the differential diagnosis for seizures during childbirth?......Page 379
Bibliography......Page 308
Which cranial structures are sensitive to pain?......Page 309
What is the value of contrast enhancement?......Page 444
What are the common symptoms of migraine?......Page 310
What are the major differences between the periodic pattern seen with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and that seen with subacu......Page 421
What other disease processes may produce a periodic pattern similar to that seen with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?.........Page 330
What is the differential diagnosis of cluster headaches?......Page 316
How is complex partial status epilepticus treated?......Page 317
What are the characteristics of an episodic tension headache?......Page 318
What is the role of peripheral nerve blocks in headache management?......Page 319
What are the most common neurologic complications of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia?......Page 374
What is the treatment for postcoital cephalgia?......Page 320
Are there headaches associated with low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure?......Page 321
What drugs are associated with increased seizure risk at therapeutic dose and serum levels?......Page 322
What are the clinical features (semeiology), EEG patterns, and common causes of seizures from different areas of the brain......Page 324
What causes primary generalized seizures? At what age do they usually start?......Page 325
Define the term epileptic syndrome.......Page 326
When should antiepileptic treatment be initiated?......Page 331
In general, how often should AEDs be given?......Page 332
Are seizures in the elderly easily identified?......Page 343
How is convulsive status epilepticus treated?......Page 344
What is hippocampal sclerosis? How is it diagnosed?......Page 346
Bibliography......Page 347
Diagnostic Evaluations......Page 351
What is the most common medical condition associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep at inappropriate times?.......Page 352
How is cataplexy defined?......Page 353
List the crucial diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy.......Page 354
Are any other conditions, besides narcolepsy and sleep apnea, typically associated with excessive daytime somnolence?.........Page 355
Describe the major characteristics of sleep terrors.......Page 357
What is the cause of nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia?......Page 358
What is the differential diagnosis of parasellar tumors in children?......Page 405
When is an MRI scan contraindicated?......Page 362
There are many minor, generally useless variations of the Babinski sign, most of them with eponymic names bestowed by ego......Page 366
What neurologic complications are associated with renal transplantation?......Page 367
Pulmonary Disease......Page 368
How are antiphospholipid antibodies related to neurologic disease?......Page 370
What are the common neurologic features of hypothyroidism?......Page 371
What are the neurologic features of parathyroid dysfunction?......Page 372
What are the most common neurologic complications of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?......Page 373
What are the major differences between Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis?......Page 391
What is the most common neurologic manifestation of Behçet's disease?......Page 375
What is the clinical triad associated with temporal arteritis?......Page 376
What is the most common neurologic symptom found during pregnancy?......Page 377
How does the physician clinically distinguish puerperal cerebral venous thrombosis from arterial thrombosis?.........Page 378
What drugs are associated with the development of pseudotumor cerebri?......Page 380
Bibliography......Page 381
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?......Page 389
Which drugs can cause myopathic EMG changes with chronic use?......Page 390
What is the recommended therapy for HSV encephalitis?......Page 392
What virus appears to be the most common cause of Bell's palsy?......Page 393
Bibliography......Page 410
What clinical feature distinguishes AIDS dementia complex from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?......Page 394
Bibliography
......Page 395
Jules Dejerine was a brilliant contemporary of the great French neurologist Charcot and ultimately succeeded him at the S......Page 449
What is the most common neurocutaneous syndrome?......Page 402
What are the most common bacterial pathogens for meningitis at different ages?......Page 403
What is the most common hemoglobinopathy associated with cerebrovascular disease?......Page 404
An 18-month-old child is referred for possible epilepsy. The mother relates a history of paroxysmal spells that have occu......Page 407
What are the most important pharmacologic agents used in treating migraine?......Page 408
What are the most common congenital myopathies?......Page 409
What are the features of an EEG in an awake, normal adult?......Page 411
What are the EEG features of the various sleep stages in the adult?......Page 412
What is the tracé discontinu pattern?......Page 414
What is the tracé alternant pattern? At what age is it seen?......Page 415
At what age do vertex transients appear in the EEG? At what age are these transients synchronous? At what age are they sym......Page 416
What is the mu rhythm?......Page 417
What is a breach rhythm?......Page 418
Which two normal patterns are frequently confused with generalized spike and wave activity in children?......Page 425
What are the typical clinical characteristics of a patient whose EEG shows bursts of generalized 2-Hz spike and slow-wave......Page 428
What is the significance of a suppression-burst pattern? Which conditions may produce this pattern?......Page 431
What are the two conditions that may produce temporary, reversible, electrocerebral inactivity?......Page 434
Bibliography......Page 435
How can the EMG and nerve conduction studies help differentiate a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy from an axonal peri......Page 439
Describe the difference between a long thoracic nerve palsy and a C5-C6 radiculopathy.......Page 442
What is ``Gaussian carditis´´?......Page 445
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 446
Bibliography......Page 447
Why are the zigzag, scintillating, shimmering lights that often precede classic migraine headaches referred to as fortific......Page 448
The Babinski sign is produced by stroking the lateral aspect of the foot with a noxious stimulus and observing whether th......Page 452
Ondine's curse refers to a neurologic lesion, usually in the medulla or high cervical cord that destroys the pathways for......Page 453
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D
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E
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G
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H
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L
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M
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N
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P
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Q
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S
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T
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W
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Z
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