Neurological Disorders and Imaging Physics: Application of Multiple Sclerosis

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
	Editor biographies
		Luca Saba
		Jasjit S Suri
	List of contributors
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Magnetic resonance imaging
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
			1.2.1 General physical principles
			1.2.2 Conventional MR sequences
			1.2.3 Contrast-enhanced MRI
			1.2.4 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
			1.2.5 Diffusion-weight imaging (DWI)
			1.2.6 Diffusion tensor imaging
			1.2.7 Spectroscopy
			1.2.8 Susceptibility-weighted imaging
			1.2.9 BOLD functional MRI
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Computed tomography principles
		2.1 Basic physics of x-rays
		2.2 Introduction to CT
		2.3 CT scanner components
		2.4 Image acquisition
		2.5 Image elaboration
		2.6 CT generations
			2.6.1 First-generation CT
			2.6.2 Second-generation CT
			2.6.3 Third-generation CT
			2.6.4 Fourth-generation CT
			2.6.5 Fifth-generation CT
		2.7 Spiral volume scanning and multislice-CT
		2.8 Post-processing
		2.9 Contrast agents
		2.10 Intravenous iodinate contrast agents and contrast CT acquisition
		2.11 ICM: adverse events
		2.12 Dual-energy CT
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Functional MR applied to neurological disorders
		3.1 Network medicine
		3.2 Brain networks and graph theory
		3.3 fcMRI and neurological disorders
		3.4 fMRI as an innovative and powerful tool for the investigation of neurological disorders using network medicine
		3.5 Physiological basis of fMRI
		3.6 Data-driven analysis, resting state and task methods
			3.6.1 Data-driven activation
			3.6.2 Resting-state activation
			3.6.3 Task-related activation
		3.7 Connectivity evaluation in the fMRI experiment: from functional MR to functional connectivity MR
		3.8 Brain alterations in the Tourette study
		3.9 Brain alterations in HIV–HCV patients
		3.10 Brain alterations in gustatory stimulus processing
		3.11 Conclusions
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 MRI spectroscopy in neurological disorders
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and hypoxic–ischemic conditions
		4.3 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neoplastic disease
		4.4 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and epilepsy
		4.5 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
			4.5.1 MRS and demyelination disorders
			4.5.2 MRS and infective disorders
		4.6 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolic disorders
		4.7 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neurodegenerative disorders
		4.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 High field MR and neurological disorders
		5.1 The rationale for high field MRI
		5.2 Challenges, safety issues and limitations
		5.3 High field applications
			5.3.1 Faster acquisition strategies
			5.3.2 Double inversion recovery
		5.4 Quantitative techniques
			5.4.1 T1 and T2 mapping
			5.4.2 Proton spectroscopy
			5.4.3 Diffusion-weighted imaging
			5.4.4 Magnetisation transfer
			5.4.5 Functional MRI
			5.4.6 Volumetric techniques
		5.5 New frontiers and future developments
			5.5.1 Phosphorus spectroscopy
			5.5.2 Sodium imaging
			5.5.3 Hyperpolarised 13C MRSI
			5.5.4 Magnetic resonance fingerprinting and synthetic magnetic resonance imaging
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Applications of nuclear medicine in multiple sclerosis
		6.1 Physical and physiological considerations for a nuclear medicine study
			6.1.1 Gamma camera
			6.1.2 Photon energy
			6.1.3 Half-life
			6.1.4 Production of radiopharmaceuticals
			6.1.5 Imaging
			6.1.6 Nuclear medicine imaging tracers for neurology
		6.2 Clinical developments
			6.2.1 Cerebrovascular disease
			6.2.2 Neurodegenerative disorders
		6.3 Demyelination
		6.4 Brain metabolism
		6.5 Conclusions
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Multiple sclerosis: clinical features
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Epidemiology
		7.3 Causes and risk factors
			7.3.1 Neuropathology
		7.4 Clinical courses
		7.5 Clinical features
		7.6 Optic neuritis
		7.7 Cognition
		7.8 Psychiatric disorders in MS
		7.9 Comorbidities in MS
		7.10 Prognosis
		7.11 Multiple sclerosis diagnosis
		7.12 Treatments
		7.13 DMDs
		7.14 Treatment of relapses
		7.15 Symptom management
		7.16 DMD efficacy: NEDA
		7.17 PML risk monitoring
		7.18 MS and quality of life
		7.19 Conclusions
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Volumetric analysis and atrophy in multiple sclerosis
		8.1 Brain atrophy
		8.2 Conditions associated with brain atrophy
		8.3 Qualitative imaging findings related to brain volume reduction
		8.4 Pathological bases of atrophy in MS
			8.4.1 White matter demyelination pathogenesis
			8.4.2 Gray matter degeneration in MS
		8.5 Neurodegeneration and MS, clinical implications
		8.6 Brain volumes and how to calculate them
		8.7 Linear and regional measures
		8.8 Segmentation based brain volume measurement methods
		8.9 Image segmentation methods
		8.10 Registration based methods
		8.11 Lesion segmentation
		8.12 Conclusion
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 MR spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 1H-MRS in MS: general concepts
		9.3 Acute MS lesions
		9.4 Chronic MS lesions
		9.5 NAWM, GM and NAGM
		9.6 MS therapy
		9.7 1H-MRS in MS: clinical practice
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 MR imaging and multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis
		10.1 Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
			10.1.1 Definition
			10.1.2 Pathogenesis
			10.1.3 Epidemiology
			10.1.4 Clinical features
			10.1.5 Locations and MR appearance
		10.2 Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
			10.2.1 Definition
			10.2.2 Pathogenesis
			10.2.3 Epidemiology
			10.2.4 Clinical features
			10.2.5 Locations and MR appearance
		10.3 Baló’s concentric sclerosis
			10.3.1 Definition
			10.3.2 Pathogenesis
			10.3.3 Epidemiology
			10.3.4 Clinical features
			10.3.5 Locations and MR appearance
		10.4 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
			10.4.1 Definition
			10.4.2 Pathogenesis
			10.4.3 Epidemiology
			10.4.4 Clinical features
			10.4.5 Locations and MR appearance
		10.5 Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL) or pseudotumor
			10.5.1 Definition
			10.5.2 Pathogenesis
			10.5.3 Epidemiology
			10.5.4 Clinical features
			10.5.5 Locations and MR appearance
		References