Neurolinguistics: An Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and its Disorders

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 6
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Figures......Page 17
Tables......Page 19
Preface and acknowledgements......Page 21
Note on the text......Page 23
PART I Foundational concepts and issues......Page 25
Introduction......Page 27
Co-evolution of language and the brain......Page 29
An alternative view of co-evolution......Page 31
Language areas in the brain......Page 34
Aphasia as evidence of the brain’s representation
of language......Page 35
The language faculty (localization and modularity)......Page 36
Study questions for chapter 1......Page 38
Introduction......Page 39
Forms and meanings......Page 41
Minimal design features of a language......Page 45
Phonology and syntax as aspects of form......Page 47
Phonology: the sound patterns of spoken language......Page 48
Prosody: the phonology of supra-segmental features......Page 50
Semantics: the representation of meaning......Page 54
Assertion/presupposition and clause structure......Page 55
Specificity, reference and deixis......Page 56
Thematic roles and case......Page 58
Time reference: tense, aspect and modality......Page 59
Concluding remarks......Page 60
Study questions for chapter 2......Page 62
Introduction......Page 64
An orientation to the structures of the
cerebral cortex......Page 66
Discovery of the language areas......Page 72
The classical account: the Broca-Wernicke-Lichtheim
(BWL) model......Page 74
Non-localizationist views......Page 79
Site of lesion studies......Page 80
The neuropsychological perspective......Page 81
Neural imaging......Page 83
Encephalographic functional imaging......Page 84
Magnetoencephalography......Page 86
The subtraction method......Page 87
Postscript: linguistic structures and the neuroanatomy
of language......Page 88
Introduction......Page 90
Chomskian modularity......Page 92
Fodorian modularity......Page 93
Summary: Fodor’s concept of modularity......Page 96
Modularity uncoupled: Max’s chocolate factory......Page 97
Modularity and real-time processing......Page 100
Real-time processing......Page 101
The connectionist challenge......Page 103
Connectionist architectures......Page 104
Symbolic algorithms versus statistical processors......Page 106
Hybrid models......Page 107
Summarizing......Page 108
Modularity of linguistic competence......Page 109
Fodor’s modularity of processing......Page 112
Coltheart’s functional modularity......Page 113
Study questions for chapter 4......Page 114
PART II Speech perception and auditory processing......Page 115
Three aspects of word recognition......Page 117
Speech signals, spectrograms and speech recognition......Page 118
A simple model of speech recognition: phoneme to sound
matching......Page 119
The segmentation problem......Page 120
The variability problem......Page 121
The rate of information transmission in speech perception......Page 124
Lexical retrieval in speech perception......Page 125
Phonological parsing prior to lexical access......Page 126
Phonetic forms and phonological representations......Page 129
Discrete (categorical)versusgraded(continuous)properties......Page 132
Hierarchical organization versus entrainment......Page 133
Summary......Page 134
Introduction......Page 136
The speech mode hypothesis......Page 137
Strong and weak versions of the speech
mode hypothesis......Page 138
Dichotic listening......Page 139
Categorical perception......Page 141
Coarticulation effects and category boundary shifts......Page 146
Duplex perception......Page 147
Sine wave speech......Page 149
Conclusions: is speech perception special?......Page 150
Linguistic experience and phonological parsing......Page 151
Tuning the auditory system: perceptual magnet effects......Page 152
Prosodic bootstrapping......Page 153
Phonetic and phonological levels of processing
in speech recognition......Page 156
Conclusions from the gating experiments......Page 161
Introduction......Page 164
Search models of lexical retrieval......Page 166
Architecture of TRACE......Page 168
Lexical effects in TRACE......Page 170
Empirical tests of the TRACE model......Page 171
Modelling coarticulation effects and other
sequential dependencies......Page 173
Modelling variability: a challenge for connectionist
models?......Page 176
Auditory-phonetic and phonological levels of
representation......Page 178
Introduction......Page 179
Flow-on effects of temporal sequencing deficit......Page 181
Levels and types of auditory processing disorder......Page 182
Clinical classification of auditory processing
disorders......Page 183
Disturbances of auditory-acoustic processing......Page 184
Auditory agnosia......Page 185
Auditory-acoustic processing deficits and aphasia......Page 187
Pure word deafness......Page 188
The nature of word-sound deafness......Page 189
The neural basis for speech agnosia or pure word deafness......Page 192
Mirror neurons and the speech-motor loop......Page 195
Disturbances in accessing the recognition lexicon......Page 197
Summary......Page 199
PART III Lexical semantics......Page 201
Introduction......Page 203
Morphological decomposition in the mental lexicon......Page 205
Psycholinguistic studies of word structure......Page 208
Semantic and morphological relatedness......Page 210
Priming effects of prefixes and suffixes......Page 211
Conclusions from the Marslen-Wilson et al. study......Page 212
Cross-linguistic generalizations on morphological processing......Page 213
PET and MEG studies of morphological processing......Page 214
Summary......Page 220
Introduction......Page 223
Semantic networks......Page 225
Testing Quillian’s model......Page 228
From word to sentence meanings......Page 229
Conceptual dependency theory......Page 231
Evaluation of symbolic models of lexical semantics......Page 233
Investigating semantic structures......Page 234
Semantic priming and the activation/retrieval of
word meaning......Page 235
Results: associative and semantic priming and the effect
of prime type......Page 238
Brain imaging studies of lexical semantic activation......Page 239
Summary......Page 243
Introduction......Page 245
Early work......Page 247
Competence or performance deficit in lexical
semantic disorder?......Page 249
Behavioural on-line measures of lexical access and
organization in aphasia......Page 250
On-line lexical processing in Wernicke’s aphasia......Page 251
On-line lexical processing in Broca’s aphasia......Page 252
Lexical integration in aphasia......Page 254
Category-specific semantic impairment......Page 256
A case study of domain-specific semantic impairment......Page 259
Explaining patterns of category-specific semantic
impairment......Page 261
Summary......Page 262
PART IV Sentence comprehension......Page 265
Introduction......Page 267
Syntactic processing and sentence comprehension......Page 268
The grammar and the parser......Page 269
Competing models of sentence processing......Page 273
Thematic role assignment and sentence comprehension......Page 274
Reversible passive constructions......Page 275
Canonical word order and thematic relations in
complex sentences......Page 277
Strategies for processing complex sentences......Page 278
Summary: grammatical heuristics and agrammatism......Page 279
Ambiguity resolution and syntactic parsing strategies......Page 280
Lexical and syntactic ambiguity......Page 281
Why ambiguity is important for theories of
language processing......Page 282
Minimal attachment......Page 283
Local ambiguities and garden path sentences......Page 285
Summary......Page 288
Working memory, parsing and syntactic complexity......Page 290
Individual differences in working memory capacity and
sentence processing......Page 293
Modularity and VWMC......Page 294
Sequential or parallel processing as a capacity effect......Page 297
Syntactic complexity......Page 299
Gibson’s model of parsing complexity......Page 300
Properties of Gibson’s parser......Page 302
Summary and recapitulation......Page 303
Syntactic trace reactivation......Page 304
Load/capacity effects and the cross-modal lexical
priming paradigm......Page 308
Recapitulation and summary: trace reactivation and
the CMLP paradigm......Page 309
Neural imaging techniques and on-line sentence
processing......Page 310
Phrase structure and argument structure violations and ERPs......Page 312
Jabberwocky sentence processing and ERPs......Page 314
Deep and surface anaphora......Page 315
General summary and conclusions......Page 318
Introduction......Page 321
Agrammatism revisited......Page 323
Off-line methods of language comprehension
assessment......Page 324
A case for syntactic deficit in Broca’s aphasia......Page 325
A case against syntactic deficit in Broca’s aphasia......Page 328
Three theories of agrammatism......Page 333
Grammaticality judgement and sentence comprehension......Page 336
Trace reactivation and on-line measures of sentence
processing......Page 341
Slow retrieval or under-activation of lexical items......Page 343
Self-paced listening and transient processing load......Page 344
ERP imaging of on-line sentence processing in aphasia......Page 347
Summary and conclusion......Page 348
PART V Discourse: language comprehension in context......Page 353
Introduction......Page 355
Discourse modelling......Page 356
Discourse construction: an example......Page 357
Reference management and pragmatic knowledge......Page 359
Relevance......Page 360
Strong and weak implicature and relevance......Page 361
Refining a model of discourse......Page 362
Sentence-level discourse devices......Page 363
Studies of discourse anaphora resolution......Page 365
On-line studies of discourse anaphora......Page 367
Summary......Page 369
Introduction......Page 370
Language and psychosis......Page 373
Characteristics of thought disordered speech......Page 374
A study of thought disordered speech......Page 375
Cognitive impairment and thought disordered
language......Page 378
Summarizing the evidence on executive dysfunction in
thought disorder......Page 383
Neurological models of thought disorder......Page 385
The dopamine hypothesis......Page 386
The cingulate modulation hypothesis......Page 387
Conclusion......Page 390
Connectionist models of language processing:
a case study......Page 391
Embodied cognition as a perspective
on language processing......Page 398
Concrete or abstract perceptual representations
of speech sounds......Page 401
Discourse structure and embodiment......Page 402
Glossary......Page 404
References......Page 411
Index......Page 438