Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and Applications

Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation Techniques and Applications......Page 1
Front matter......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Introduction......Page 11
Foundations of Clinical EEG: Reliability......Page 12
Quantitative EEG......Page 13
Quantitative EEG/ERP and Medication Management......Page 15
Prediction of Neurofeedback Protocol Efficacy......Page 20
Using EEG to Guide Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation......Page 25
Conclusion......Page 27
References......Page 28
Introduction......Page 32
Principles of EEG Physics......Page 34
Volume Conduction and EEG......Page 35
The Concept of Statistical Correlation......Page 36
The Concept of Blind Source Separation (BSS)......Page 40
Performing BSS by Decorrelation......Page 41
Conditions for Successful BSS......Page 44
Clinical Examples......Page 46
Discussion......Page 50
References......Page 51
Introduction......Page 55
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)......Page 56
Theoretical Considerations......Page 57
New Methods in ERP Analysis......Page 60
GO/NO-GO Task......Page 61
Eye Movement Correction......Page 63
Methodology of Decomposition of Collection of ERPs into Independent Components......Page 64
Methodology of Decomposition of Individual ERPs into Independent Components......Page 65
Independent Components in GO/NO-GO Task......Page 66
Application of ERP/ICA Methodology for ADHD – Response Inhibition......Page 73
ERPs as Indexes of Neurofeedback Efficacy......Page 74
ERPs as Index of tDCS Effect......Page 78
References......Page 81
Introduction......Page 86
Personalized Medicine: “Prognostics” Rather than “Diagnostics”......Page 88
ADHD......Page 90
Paroxysmal EEG Abnormalities......Page 91
“Excess Theta” and “Theta/Beta Ratio”......Page 92
Increased or Decreased Beta?......Page 94
EEG as a Prognostic Tool: Treatment Prediction in ADHD......Page 95
Depression......Page 96
Conclusion: Averaged Group Data vs. Individual Client Data......Page 100
EEG and qEEG: Models and Theory......Page 101
EEG-Vigilance Algorithm – “VIGALL”......Page 102
EEG Vigilance and the Autonomous Nervous System......Page 104
EEG-Vigilance Regulation in Psychiatric Disorders......Page 105
Mania and Depression......Page 107
Vigilance Regulation in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)......Page 108
EEG Phenotype Model......Page 112
Inter-rater Reliability......Page 114
Prevalence of EEG Phenotypes in ADHD and Depression......Page 116
EEG Phenotype vs. EEG Vigilance: Towards a Coherent Model?......Page 119
Depression......Page 120
Unique Contributions of Both Methods......Page 121
References......Page 122
Neurofeedback with Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study......Page 133
Established Treatments for ADHD......Page 134
Use of Neurofeedback for Management of ADHD......Page 136
Participants......Page 138
Design......Page 139
Setup of Sessions......Page 140
Active Neurofeedback......Page 141
Placebo Neurofeedback......Page 142
Conners’ Parent/Teacher Rating Scales-Revised: Long Version (CPRS-R:L/CTRS-R:L)......Page 143
Data Analysis......Page 144
NF Learners vs. Placebo......Page 145
CTRS-R......Page 146
Discussion......Page 147
Neurofeedback Learners vs. Nonlearners......Page 150
Parent, Teacher, and Children Outcomes......Page 151
Limitations of the Study......Page 153
References......Page 154
Introduction......Page 159
Major Treatments for ASD: An Overview......Page 161
Applied Behavior Analysis......Page 162
Pharmacological Treatments......Page 164
Diet and Diet-Related Treatments......Page 167
Vitamin Supplements and Enzymes......Page 168
Chelation......Page 171
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)......Page 173
Neurofeedback for ASD......Page 174
qEEG Evaluation and ASD......Page 176
Neurofeedback: Case Studies, Case Series, Group Pilot Studies......Page 177
Controlled Group Studies of Neurofeedback for ASD......Page 178
Efficacy of Connectivity-Guided Neurofeedback for ASD......Page 180
Discussion......Page 181
References......Page 182
Introduction......Page 189
Research Synopsis......Page 190
Inhibiting Theta, Reinforcing 15–18Hz......Page 192
Individualizing Neurofeedback Based on qEEG Findings......Page 193
Low Energy Neurofeedback System (LENS)......Page 204
Observations and Implications for Future Direction......Page 206
References......Page 207
Feedback of Slow Cortical Potentials: Basics, Application, and Evidence......Page 211
Basics......Page 212
Amplifiers......Page 215
Artifacts......Page 216
Training Protocol......Page 217
Introduction to SCP Feedback......Page 220
Diagnosis and Evaluation......Page 221
Epilepsy......Page 223
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)......Page 225
Migraines......Page 226
Other Applications......Page 227
References......Page 228
Introduction......Page 233
Historical Development of Real-Time fMRI......Page 234
Signal Acquisition......Page 238
Pre-processing......Page 239
Signal Analysis......Page 240
Feedback Generation......Page 243
Regulation of Brain Regions of Emotion......Page 244
Motor System......Page 249
fMRI–BCI Studies in Clinical Populations......Page 250
Stroke Rehabilitation......Page 251
Mental Disorders......Page 252
Conclusions......Page 254
References......Page 255
Introduction......Page 261
Stimulation Frequency......Page 265
High-Frequency rTMS......Page 266
Low-Frequency rTMS......Page 267
Combined HF and LF-rTMS protocols......Page 269
Stimulation Location......Page 270
Stimulation Intensity, Trains, and Sessions......Page 272
Mechanisms of rTMS Treatment in Depression......Page 274
Neuroimaging......Page 275
Neurochemical Effects: Neurotransmitters and Neuroendocrinology......Page 277
Neurotrophins......Page 279
Genetics......Page 280
Progress in Protocols......Page 281
Technical Progress......Page 282
Optimizing Treatment......Page 283
Acknowledgments......Page 286
References......Page 287
Tinnitus: Introduction......Page 296
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation......Page 299
Rationale for the Use of Neuromodulation in Investigation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Tinnitus......Page 300
Single Sessions of rTMS......Page 302
Repeated Sessions of rTMS in Tinnitus......Page 306
Methodological Considerations......Page 313
Conclusion......Page 314
References......Page 315
Introduction......Page 322
The Growing Field of Brain Stimulation......Page 323
Historical Perspective......Page 326
TMS as a Tool for Measuring the Effects of tDCS......Page 327
Transcranial Delivery of Current......Page 329
Current Density......Page 330
Stimulation Duration......Page 331
Stimulation Polarity......Page 332
Stimulation Site......Page 334
Neurophysiological Effects of tDCS as Indexed by Cortical Excitability......Page 335
Intracortical Inhibition and Facilitation......Page 337
Transcallosal Inhibition......Page 338
Cortical Silent Period......Page 339
Neurochemistry of tDCS......Page 340
Ion Channel Conductance and NMDA-Receptors......Page 341
Changes to Oxyhemoglobin Concentration......Page 342
Safety Considerations for tDCS......Page 343
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 344
References......Page 347
Introduction......Page 353
Neurogenetics......Page 354
Candidate Gene Association Methodology......Page 355
Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis......Page 357
Structural Anomalies......Page 358
Regional Brain Dysfunction......Page 360
Impact of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Substrates of Selective Attention and Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD......Page 361
Putative Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Neurofeedback in ADHD......Page 366
Conclusion......Page 368
References......Page 369
Introduction......Page 381
Study Design......Page 383
Neurofeedback Training Procedures......Page 384
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Apparatus and Procedure......Page 385
Electromyographic Measures and Analysis......Page 386
Results......Page 387
NFB Training Dynamic......Page 388
TMS Main Effects......Page 389
Corticospinal Excitability (CSE)......Page 390
SICI/ICF......Page 393
Path Analysis......Page 394
Discussion......Page 395
References......Page 399
Introduction......Page 403
Neurofeedback as a Treatment for Children with ADHD......Page 405
Long-Term Effects of Neurofeedback......Page 406
Neurofeedback as a Treatment for Children with ASD......Page 408
Enduring Behavioral and Neuropsychological Benefits of Neurofeedback in ASD......Page 413
Discussion......Page 417
References......Page 419
Index......Page 423