Neurocognitive Rehabilitation of Down Syndrome: Early Years

Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Why are we focusing on Down syndrome?......Page 16
Definition of early rehabilitative intervention......Page 17
Early intervention models......Page 18
Challenge 2......Page 21
Challenge 4......Page 22
Challenge 5......Page 23
Challenge 7......Page 24
Conclusion......Page 25
References......Page 26
2 The history of early intervention for infants and young children with Down syndrome and their families......Page 30
Changing expectations for children with Down syndrome......Page 31
Early efficacy studies......Page 32
More recent efficacy studies......Page 33
Early education policy and practice for children with disabilities......Page 34
Promoting inclusive educational programming......Page 35
Child characteristics that impact on inclusion......Page 37
Strategies for promoting language, communication, and social development......Page 38
Changing perspectives about parent participation in early intervention......Page 39
US national data on early intervention and preschool special education......Page 40
Changes in assessment: research and practice and future directions......Page 41
Accountability in early childhood......Page 42
Family outcomes in an accountability system......Page 43
Follow-up studies of adults with Down syndrome......Page 44
Conclusions and looking to the future......Page 45
References......Page 46
3 Advances in clinical endpoints for neurocognitive rehabilitation in Down syndrome......Page 51
Key properties of clinical endpoint assessments: development of the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery for Down syndrome......Page 53
Hippocampal memory......Page 54
Frontal functions......Page 55
Cerebellar functions......Page 56
Adaptive behavior......Page 57
Maladaptive behavior......Page 58
Translation from rodents to humans......Page 59
What constitutes significant change?......Page 60
Summary......Page 62
References......Page 63
Down syndrome and phenotypes......Page 67
Murine models......Page 68
Criteria used to define candidate genes......Page 69
Territories of expression......Page 70
RNA targets......Page 71
Protein targets......Page 72
Sonic hedgehog pathway......Page 73
Gamma-aminobutyric acid pathways......Page 75
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist memantine......Page 76
DYRK1A pathway......Page 77
Future prospects......Page 79
References......Page 81
The concept of neuronal plasticity and enriched environment......Page 86
Mouse models of Down syndrome......Page 87
Synaptic plasticity......Page 89
Neurogenesis......Page 91
Proteins encoded by triplicated genes......Page 93
References......Page 95
Introduction......Page 100
Genes on HSA21 relevant to metabolism and nutrition......Page 101
Methyl group metabolism and Down syndrome......Page 102
Oxidative stress and Down syndrome......Page 104
“Omics” studies of fetal development in Down syndrome and future directions......Page 105
Conclusions and future directions......Page 106
References......Page 107
Intelligence: cognition, memory, and learning......Page 111
Molecular pharmacology......Page 112
Recent strategies......Page 113
Measuring outcomes......Page 114
Acetylcholine and the cholinergic system......Page 115
Donepezil in adults......Page 116
Rivastigmine in children......Page 117
Glutamate-based strategies......Page 118
Piracetam in children......Page 119
Targeting the prefrontal cortex in Down syndrome......Page 120
Physiologically impairing symptoms......Page 121
The urgency of reducing physiologically impairing symptoms......Page 122
Futuristic notions of biological therapy......Page 123
The Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome......Page 124
References......Page 125
Congenital malformations......Page 132
Sensory defects......Page 133
Immune disorders and autoimmune diseases......Page 134
Cancer......Page 135
Short stature......Page 136
Seizure disorders......Page 137
Nutritional problems......Page 138
References......Page 140
Introduction......Page 143
Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in Down syndrome......Page 144
Atrioventricular septal defect......Page 146
Ventricular septal defect......Page 148
Tetralogy of Fallot......Page 149
Patent ductus arteriosus and aortic arch malformations......Page 150
Surgical experience at the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels......Page 151
Discussion......Page 152
References......Page 154
10 Developmental models as frameworks for early intervention with children with Down syndrome......Page 157
Werner and the universality of development......Page 158
Developmental sequences......Page 159
The notion of a whole child......Page 160
Cicchetti and an expanded developmental approach......Page 161
Ecological theory......Page 162
Complex developmental trajectories......Page 163
Acknowledgments......Page 165
References......Page 166
Introduction......Page 168
Development of reach-to-grasp......Page 169
Development of walking......Page 170
Program planning......Page 172
Generalization of skills......Page 173
Recent research from neuroscience......Page 174
Conclusions......Page 175
References......Page 176
Short-term memory and Down syndrome......Page 179
Long-term memory in Down syndrome: a diffuse and pervasive impairment?......Page 182
Memory, Down syndrome, and brain development......Page 183
Conclusions......Page 186
References......Page 187
Language before birth......Page 190
Prelanguage in the first year......Page 191
Orofacial physical therapy......Page 192
Lexical development and intervention......Page 193
Grammatical development......Page 194
References......Page 195
Inconsistency and non-developmental errors......Page 197
Speech production......Page 198
The importance of early speech perception in typical development......Page 199
The impact of early auditory deprivation – the case of children with cochlear implants......Page 200
Early auditory deprivation and higher-level speech processing abilities......Page 201
Summary......Page 202
References......Page 203
Goal-directedness as a target for early intervention in Down syndrome......Page 206
Early motor exploration......Page 207
Cognitive consequences of motor exploration......Page 208
Object affordances......Page 209
Relevance for development in Down syndrome......Page 210
Causality......Page 211
Goal-directedness and development in Down syndrome......Page 212
Implications for goal-directed behavior......Page 213
Clinical interpretation and intervention implications......Page 214
Strategies to enhance goal-directedness......Page 215
Summary......Page 217
References......Page 218
16 The role of parents of children with Down syndrome and other disabilities in early intervention......Page 220
The parenting model of child development......Page 222
Parenting and intervention effectiveness......Page 225
Parenting as intervention......Page 228
Long-term effects of responsive parenting......Page 229
Why parents are so important to childrens development......Page 230
Why responsiveness is so important to childrens development......Page 232
References......Page 235
17 Perspectives of hybrid therapeutic strategies in intellectual disabilities and Down syndrome......Page 239
Summary......Page 243
References......Page 244
Conclusions......Page 245
Index......Page 246