Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder: Road to Novel Therapeutics

Front-Matter_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorder
	Front matter
Copyright_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorder
	Copyright
Contributors_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorder
	Contributors
Foreword_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorder
	Foreword
		Introduction
		Some specific findings and their implications
		The implications of neuroprogression for clinical therapeutics
		Early intervention and prevention
		A panoply of treatments are available for early intervention studies
		Need for a treatment outcome network
		References
Chapter-1---Tackling-the-heterogeneity-of-bipolar-disor_2021_Neurobiology-of
	Tackling the heterogeneity of bipolar disorder in the era of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
		Introduction
		The RDoC framework
			Differences between RDoC and the ICD-11 and DSM-5 frameworks
		Bipolar disorder
			Introduction
			Clinical heterogeneity
			Genetic heterogeneity
			Neuroimaging heterogeneity
		Use of RDoC framework in bipolar disorder
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-2---The-neurodevelopmental-basis-of-bipolar-_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bi
	The neurodevelopmental basis of bipolar disorder: Mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
		Clinical and epidemiological findings
			Clinical signs and features
			Early development and cognitive functioning
			Epidemiological findings and risk factors
		Findings from postmortem, genomic, and neuroimaging studies
			Postmortem studies
			Genomic studies
			Neuroimaging studies
		Synopsis and potential mechanisms
		Potential implications for future research and clinical practice
		Acknowledgments
		Conflict of interest
		References
Chapter-3---The-neuroprogressive-nature-of-bipolar-d_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bi
	The neuroprogressive nature of bipolar disorder: Mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
		A DSM guide to bipolar disorder
		Why the neuroprogression of BD depends on the accurate and timely diagnosis by a clinician?
		Mechanisms of neuroprogression of BD
			Neurobiological, structural, and associated functional changes
			Epigenetic changes
			Molecular changes
				Immune alterations and subsequent neuroinflammation
				Dysregulated neurotransmission
				Mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent oxidative stress
				Altered growth factors metabolism
				Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity
		Somatoprogression with neuroprogression of BD
		Treatment and treatment resistance
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-4---Immune-mechanisms-in-bipolar-disorder-_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipo
	Immune mechanisms in bipolar disorder: Evidence and implications
		Introduction
		The association between BD, immune dysfunction, and inflammatory diseases
			Evidence of the association between autoimmune disorders and BD
			Evidence of the association between infections and BD
			Evidence of an association between the microbiome, gut-brain axis, and BD
		Peripheral inflammatory markers in the BD patients
		Central nervous system inflammatory markers in the BD patients
			Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in BD patients
			Post mortem BD brain samples and inflammatory makers
		Inflammatory molecular pathways associated with BD
			Cytokines and chemokines
			Oxidative stress production
		Conclusions and future directions
		References
Chapter-5---Mitochondrial-pathways-in-bipolar-disor_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bip
	Mitochondrial pathways in bipolar disorder: Mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
		Defective mitochondrial metabolism and calcium levels in BD
		Genetic evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder
		Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in BD
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-6---Neurooxidative-and-neuronitrosative-mechan_2021_Neurobiology-of-
	Neurooxidative and neuronitrosative mechanisms in bipolar disorder: Evidence and implications
		Introduction
		What is oxidative/nitrosative stress, what does it do?
		Oxidative stress markers in BD
		DNA/RNA damage
		RNA damage
		DNA/RNA damage in BD
		DNA repair
		DNA repair and BD
		OS/NS, DNA/RNA damage, and treatment of BD
		Future directions
		References
Chapter-7---Mechanisms-underpinning-neurocognitive-_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bip
	Mechanisms underpinning neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder
		Brain imaging and electrophysiological correlates of cognitive functioning in BD
			Functional MRI studies and cognitive functions in BD
			Resting-state fMRI studies and cognitive functions in BD
			Cognitive evoked-related potentials in BD
			DTI studies and cognitive functions in BD
			Volumetric and cortical thickness and cognitive functions in BD
			Summary of the relationship between brain imaging and electrophysiological studies and cognition in BD
		Neurobiological and genetic correlates of cognitive impairment in BD
			Oxidative stress, neurochemical abnormalities, and cognitive functions in BD
			Neuronal integrity, glutamate, and cognition in BD
			Inflammation and cognitive functions in BD
			Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurocognition in BD
			Neurotrophic factors, neurocognition, and BD
			Genetic factors and cognitive impairment in BD
			Summary
		Medical comorbidities, substance abuse, iatrogenic factors, and cognitive impairment in BD
			Metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and cognition in BD
			Antipsychotics and cognitive impairment in BD
			Comorbid alcohol and substance use disorders and cognitive impairment in BD
			Summary
		Mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in BD
			Abnormal neurodevelopment and cognitive impairment in BD
			Interaction of neurodevelopmental abnormalities, aging, and medical comorbidities in BD. Is there a non-BD-related cognitiv ...
			Might there still be a neurodegenerative subtype of BD in a minority of the patients?
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-8---The-biological-basis-of-predomina_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-D
	The biological basis of predominant polarity
		Introduction
			Bipolar disorders prevalence and clinical course
			The origins of predominant polarity
			Conceptualization and operationalization of predominant polarity
			Prevalence of predominant polarity
			Predominant polarity across international diagnostic criteria and clinical guidelines
			Machine learning for precision psychiatry applied on predominant polarity
		Clinical implications of predominant polarity
			Sociodemographic correlates of predominant polarity
			Diagnosis and predominant polarity
			Specific symptoms and predominant polarity
			Age of onset and first episode polarity
			Suicidality and predominant polarity
			Mixed episodes in predominant polarity
			Undetermined predominant polarity
			Substance use disorders and predominant polarity
			Association with cooccurring mental disorders
			Rapid cycling and predominant polarity
			Seasonality and predominant polarity
			Cognition and predominant polarity
			Functioning and predominant polarity
			Follow-up studies on polarity
			The endophenotype of temperaments and predominant polarity
		Treatment implications of predominant polarity
			Pharmacological treatment and predominant polarity
			Psychological treatment and predominant polarity
		Neurobiology of predominant polarity
			Genetic base of predominant polarity
			Neuroradiology of predominant polarity
		Discussion
		References
Chapter-9---The-evolution-of-animal-models-for-_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar
	The evolution of animal models for bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Animal model of bipolar disorder induced by amphetamine
		Animal model of bipolar disorder induced by OUA
		Animal model of bipolar disorder induced by sleep deprivation
		Genetic models
		References
Chapter-10---Alteration-in-circadian-rhythms-in-bipol_2021_Neurobiology-of-B
	Alteration in circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: Mechanisms and implications
		Circadian rhythms
		Circadian clock genes and bipolar disorder
		Circadian rhythms and bipolar disorder
			Melatonin
			Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
			Body temperature
			Sleep
		Chronotype
		Saesonality
		Circadian rhythms and inflammation in bipolar disorder
		Circadian rhythms and metabolic alterations in bipolar disorder
		Sleep, connetomics, and bipolar disorder
		Circadian rhythms and drug therapy in bipolar disorders
		Chronotherapy
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-11---Genetic-factors-in-the-etiology-of_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar
	Genetic factors in the etiology of bipolar disorder
		Genome-wide association studies
		Structural variants: Exome sequencing and copy number variants
		Quantitative trait loci: Convergent genomic analyses
		Polygenic risk scores
		Future directions
		References
Chapter-12---Pharmacogenomics-of-bipolar-di_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Dis
	Pharmacogenomics of bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Candidate gene studies
			Lithium salts
		Other mood stabilizers
		Atypical antipsychotics
		Genome-wide association studies: From pharmacogenetics to pharmacogenomics
		Post-GWAS: Polygenic risk score and functional approaches
		Discussion
		References
Chapter-13---Blood-brain-barrier-s-interplay-with-periphe_2021_Neurobiology-
	Blood-brain barrier’s interplay with peripheral and central inflammation as a pathophysiological mechanism of bipolar disor ...
		Introduction
		From systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation in BD
			Systemic inflammation in bipolar disorder
			Neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder
			Conclusion
		Impact of neuroinflammation in the physiopathology of BD
			Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation
			Serotonin metabolism dysregulation
			Impaired neurogenesis
			Astrocytes activation
		Blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a central physiopathological mechanism of BD
			The blood-brain barrier at the interface between systemic and central inflammation
			BBB dysfunction in bipolar disorder
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-14---Induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-as-tools-to-in_2021_Neurobiology
	Induced pluripotent stem cells as tools to investigate the neurobiology of bipolar disorder and advance novel therapeutic d ...
		Generation of human stem cell models of disease: Reprogramming technology
		Developmental phenotypes observed in bipolar disorder patient iPSC models
			Characterizing lithium responsiveness using reprogrammed cells from bipolar disorder patients
			Leveraging bipolar disorder hiPSC model phenotypes for target identification and drug discovery
		Integration of iPSC models with mouse model studies
			ANK3 mouse and human iPSC models
			CACNA1C mouse and reprogrammed models
			Development of mouse/hiPSC chimeric models
		Integration of human neuropathology with hiPSC models
		Integration of human genetics with hiPSC models
		Closing the translation loop to elucidate the neurobiology of bipolar disorder
		Acknowledgments
		Conflict of interest
		References
Chapter-15---Bipolar-disorder-as-a-gliopa_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disor
	Bipolar disorder as a gliopathy
		What are glial cells?
		Evidences from total glia studies
		Evidence from astrocyte studies
		Evidence from microglia studies
		Evidence from oligodendrocyte studies
		Future studies: Using hiPSC and cerebral organoids to understand the role of glia cells on the disease development, progres ...
		References
Chapter-16---Molecular-imaging-findings-in-bip_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-
	Molecular imaging findings in bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Translocator protein imaging
		n -Acetylaspartate magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy in bipolar disorder
		Serotonin transporter imaging in bipolar disorder
		Radioligands available for imaging serotonin transporters
		Findings of altered 5-HTT binding in bipolar disorder
		Molecular imaging to monitor therapeutics applied in bipolar disorder
			Aripiprazole occupancy
		Lithium concentration assessment with magnetic resonance spectroscopy
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-17---Structural-neuroimaging-findings-in_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipola
	Structural neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorders
		Introduction
		Circuits of mood regulation according to animal and lesion studies
		Postmortem studies in mood disorders
		Structural neuroimaging in bipolar disorders
			Computed tomography
			Magnetic resonance imaging
				Region of interest and voxel-based morphometry approaches
				Bipolar disorder in comparison with healthy controls
				Bipolar depression and comparison between unipolar and bipolar disorders
				Bipolar type I versus bipolar type II
				Bipolar disorder in comparison with schizophrenia
		Putative factors contributing to morphometric changes
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-18---Epigenetic-mechanisms-of-bipola_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Di
	Epigenetic mechanisms of bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Genetic alterations of BD
		Epigenetic mechanisms
		Epigenetic alterations in BD
			DNA methylation alterations in BD
			Histone modifications in BD
			miRNA alterations in BD
		Future directions and perspectives
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-19---Bipolar-disorder-and-cardiovascular-dys_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bi
	Bipolar disorder and cardiovascular dysfunction: Mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
		Cardiovascular risk factors, disease, and mortality
			Excess cardiovascular mortality
			Psychotropic medication use and cardiovascular disease
		Cardiovascular disease and mood
			CVD across bipolar subtypes and mood states
			Cardiovascular risk factors and mood
			Elevated CVD risk in other psychiatric populations
		Early indicators of central and peripheral vascular dysfunction
			Noninvasive vascular imaging
			Arterial stiffness
			Retinal photography
			Cerebral blood flow
			Inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction
		Harnessing the vascular-bipolar link to inform novel treatment approaches
			Optimization of traditional cardiovascular risk factors
			Cerebral blood flow as a putative treatment target
			Targeting endothelial function
			Aerobic exercise
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-20---At-risk-mental-states-for-bipola_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-D
	At-risk mental states for bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Clinical overview
		Neuroimaging
			Structural neuroimaging
			Spectroscopy neuroimaging
			Functional neuroimaging
		Clinical treatment of at-risk youth
		Risk factors and risk assessment for manic conversion
		Discussion
		References
Chapter-21---Allostatic-load--Implications-for-the-path_2021_Neurobiology-of
	Allostatic load: Implications for the pathophysiology, evolution, and treatment of bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cortisol dysregulation in bipolar disorder
		Oxidative stress and bipolar disorder
		Inflammation/immunity and bipolar disorder
		Metabolic dysregulation in bipolar disorder
		Allostatic load and cognition in bipolar disorder
		Cardiovascular markers and bipolar disorder
		Clinical implications
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-22---Bipolar-disorders--obesity--and-metaboli_2021_Neurobiology-of-B
	Bipolar disorders, obesity, and metabolic disturbances: Mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
			Mortality and metabolic disturbances in bipolar disorders
			Metabolic syndrome and bipolar disorders
			Prevalence of metabolic disturbances in bipolar disorders
		Neurobiological mechanisms of metabolic syndrome in bipolar disorder
			Intrinsic factors
				Shared genetic vulnerability between MetS and BD
				Central and peripheral immune, metabolic, and endocrine dysregulations
					The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis role in MetS in BD
					The inflammatory and immune system role in MetS in BD
				Dopamine and MetS in BD
				Gut-brain axis alteration influence in MetS in BD
				Specific symptoms and MetS in BD
					Sleep disorders and MetS in BD
					Psychological factors and MetS in BD
			Extrinsic factors
				Psychopharmacology and MetS in BD
					Prevalence of MetS in drug-naïve BD
					Antipsychotics and MetS in BD
					Mood stabilizers and MetS in BD
					Combined antipsychotic-mood stabilizers and MetS in BD
					Antidepressants and MetS in BD
				Psychiatric and nonpsychiatric comorbidities linked to MetS in BD
				Lifestyle factors and medical care in BD
		Clinical implications of metabolic disturbances in the course of bipolar disorder
			Bipolar depression and MetS
			Cognition and neuroimaging and metabolic disturbances in BD
				MetS and clinical outcomes in BD
				Obesity and clinical outcomes in BD
				Dyslipidemia and clinical outcomes in BD
				Diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, and clinical outcomes in BD
				Blood hypertension and clinical outcomes in BD
		Management of MetS in BD
			The unmet needs of MetS in BD: Current situation, guidelines, and general recommendations
			Smoking assessment and treatment
			MetS management in BD
				Overweight and obesity management in BD
				Dyslipidemia management in BD
				Hypertension management in BD
				Hyperglycemia management in BD
		Final remarks
		References
Chapter-23---The-microbiota-gut-brain-axis-and-_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar
	The microbiota-gut-brain axis and bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		The microbiota-gut-brain axis
			The neuroendocrine pathway
			The gut immune system
			The neural pathway
		Epithelial barrier, dysbiosis and leaky gut
		The influence of gut microbiota on behavior and cognition
		MGBA and bipolar disorder
			Microbiota in BD relatives
		Therapeutic implications
			Probiotics
			Antibiotics
			Prebiotics
			Dietary intervention
			Fecal transplantation
			Impact of psychotropic treatment in microbiota
		Conclusions and future directions
		References
Chapter-24---The-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-a_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipol
	The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Hypotalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress response
		Bipolar disorder and HPA dysfunction
		Gene polymorphism and HPA dysregulation in BD
		Clinical and therapeutic implications
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-25---From-intracellular-signaling-pathways-to-_2021_Neurobiology-of-
	From intracellular signaling pathways to neural circuit dysfunction in bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Mechanism of action of mood stabilizers
		Cellular models
			Blood cells
			Olfactory epithelium
			Transmitochondrial cybrids
			iPS cell-derived neurons
		Postmortem brain analysis
		Genetics
			Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
			Whole exome/genome sequencing
			Syndromic bipolar disorder due to Mendelian diseases
			Darier’s disease
			Wolfram disease
			Mitochondrial disease
		Search for neural circuit dysfunction using animal models
			Top hit genes of GWAS
				CACNA1C
				ANK3
			Genes of Mendelian diseases implicated in bipolar disorder
				ATP2A2 (Darier’s disease) and WFS1 (Wolfram disease)
				POLG and ANT1 (mitochondrial diseases)
		Implications of the findings in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder
			PVT and serotonergic neurons
			Hyperactivity of emotion-related circuitry
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-26---The-impact-of-early-life-stress-in-the-deve_2021_Neurobiology-o
	The impact of early-life stress in the development and course of bipolar disorder: Mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
		Early-life stress
		Neurobiological mechanisms
			Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [25]
			Sympathetic nervous system
			Serotonin system
			Oxytocin system
			Immune system [46]
			Brain development, structure and connectivity [27, 57, 58]
		Early-life stress and bipolar disorder: Clinical and psychopathological dimensions
			Maternal stress, prenatal medical illnesses, and obstetric complications
			Different types of trauma on BD
			Childhood trauma and dimensions of psychopathology
			Genetic × environment
				Ankyrin-3 (ANK-3)
				5-HTTLPR
				BDNF
				HPA-related genes
				Neuroinflammation
		Kindling hypothesis
		Treatment and future developments: Conclusion
		References
Chapter-27---Bipolar-disorder-and-accelerated-aging-_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bi
	Bipolar disorder and accelerated aging: Shared mechanisms and implications
		Introduction
		Biomarkers of biological aging
		Bipolar disorders as an illness of accelerated aging
			Brain aging
			Oxidative stress
			Senescent cells and inflammaging
			Telomere length and epigenetic clock
		New therapeutic avenues
		References
Chapter-28---Suicidal-behaviors-in-bipolar-d_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Di
	Suicidal behaviors in bipolar disorder
		Epidemiology and risk factors
		Exploring suicidal behavior: Most relevant theories upon suicide
		Interventions for suicidal behaviors
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-29---Older-age-bipolar-disorder_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorde
	Older-age bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Epidemiology and clinical features
		Clinical features
		Psychiatric and medical comorbidity
			Cognition
			Neuroimaging
			Biological therapies
			Late-life mania
			Late-life bipolar depression
			Psychosocial therapies
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-30---Biomarkers-for-bipolar-disor_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disor
	Biomarkers for bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Peripheral biomarkers
			The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
			Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers
			Oxidative stress markers
		Neuroimaging
			Structural neuroimaging
			Functional neuroimaging
		Metabolomics, proteomics, and machine learning
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-31---The-mechanisms-of-action-of-lithium_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipola
	The mechanisms of action of lithium in bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Genes and genomes
			Genetics and genomics
			Gene expression
			Pathway analysis
		Signal transduction
		Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
		Human-induced pluripotent stem cells
		Protein and proteomics
		Neurotransmitters
			Monoamines
			Glutamate
		Circadian rhythm
		Endocrine systems
		Cytokines and immune system
		Brain chemistry, structure, and functions
			Brain chemistry
			Gray matter
			Global volume
			White matter
			Brain functions
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-32---Is-there-a-biosignature-for-lithium-respo_2021_Neurobiology-of-
	Is there a biosignature for lithium response in bipolar disorder? Evidence and implications
		Introduction
		Biosignature of lithium response
		Neuroimaging biomarkers
		Peripheral biomarkers
		Genetic biomarkers
		Conclusion and outlook
		References
Chapter-33---Physical-activity-and-exercise-in-the-pat_2021_Neurobiology-of-
	Physical activity and exercise in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Definitions
		Epidemiology
		Physical activity and bipolar disorder
			Physical activity and mental health
			Physical activity and cognitive health
			Physical activity and physical health
		Sedentary behavior and bipolar disorder
		Mechanisms
		Barriers and facilitators
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-34---Noninvasive-neuromodulatory-approach_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipol
	Noninvasive neuromodulatory approaches for bipolar disorder
		Introduction
			Noninvasive brain stimulation
				Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
				Deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS)
				Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
		The use of neuromodulation techniques in treatment of the bipolar disorder
			Depressive episodes
				RTMS
				Deep TMS
				TDCS
			Manic episodes
				TMS
				tDCS
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-35---Novel-therapeutic-drug-targets-for_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar
	Novel therapeutic drug targets for bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Challenges in BD drug development
		Identifying novel drug targets in BD
		Novel neurotransmitter targets
			Ketamine and the glutamate system
			Scopolamine and the cholinergic system
			Buprenorphine and the opioid system
			Melatonin, orexin, and the sleep-wake cycle
		Nonneurotransmitter systems
			Antiinflammatories, antioxidants, and related systems
			Antidiabetics and the insulin pathway
			Probiotics and the gut-brain
		Concluding remarks
		References
Chapter-36---The-treatment-of-bipolar-disorder-in-the-e_2021_Neurobiology-of
	The treatment of bipolar disorder in the era of precision psychiatry: Challenges and opportunities
		Background
		Clinical trials in the era of precision psychiatry
			Biomarker-stratified design within a traditional randomized controlled trial: Retrospective design
			Biomarker-stratified design: Prospective design
			Enriched by biomarker randomized controlled trial design
			Randomized controlled trial design of a biomarker strategy
			Umbrella trial design and basket trial design
		Promising biomarkers for response to treatment in bipolar disorder: Where do we stand?
			Peripheral blood-based biomarkers
				Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
				Inflammatory and immunological biomarkers
			Neuroimaging
			Genetic predictors of response to treatment
		Future directions
		References
Chapter-37---Intracortical-myelination_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorder
	Intracortical myelination
		Myelin
			Neurobiology of oligodendrocytes
			Intracortical myelin
		Myelin and bipolar disorder
			White matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder
			Gray matter and cortical changes in BD
			Intracortical myelin in BD
				The trajectory of intracortical myelination
				Cognition and intracortical myelination
		Modulation of intracortical myelin
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-38---The-impact-of-psychotropic-drugs-on-brain_2021_Neurobiology-of-
	The impact of psychotropic drugs on brain functionality and connectivity in bipolar disorder
		Introduction
		Effects of pharmacologic treatment on brain activity and connectivity in BD
		Effects of specific classes of medication on brain activity/connectivity in BD
		Conclusions and future perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index_2021_Neurobiology-of-Bipolar-Disorder
	Index
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