Neural plasticity in adult somatic sensory-motor systems

Contents......Page 0
NEURAL PLASTICITY IN ADULT SOMATIC SENSORY-MOTOR SYSTEMS......Page 2
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 12
Editor......Page 14
Contributors......Page 15
Color Figures......Page 17
REFERENCES FOR MEASUREMENT DOCUMENTS......Page 289
CONTENTS......Page 32
I. EVIDENCE FOR A PREDOMINANCE OF SILENT CORTICAL NEURONS IN SENSORIMOTOR CORTICES......Page 33
2. Results from Sharp Microelectrode Recordings......Page 34
4. Results from Whole-Cell Recordings in the Vibrissae Barrel Cortices of Awake Animals......Page 35
b. Targeted Whole-Cell Recordings......Page 37
1. Experimental Agreement on the Amplitude of Subthreshold Signals......Page 38
3. An Attempt to Quantitatively Determine the Synaptic Composition of a Cortical Sensory Response Suggests Very Low Presynaptic Activity......Page 39
2. Small Numbers of APs in Single Cells of the Primary Motor Cortex Can Evoke Movements......Page 41
2. Contribution of Silent Cells to Learning and Cortical Plasticity......Page 43
C. SILENT NEURONS AND SYNAPTIC LEARNING RULES......Page 44
III. CONCLUSION......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
CONTENTS......Page 51
I. OVERVIEW......Page 52
A. THE BEHAVIORAL RELEVANCE OF HIGH FREQUENCY SOMATOSENSORY PERCEPTION......Page 53
B. SENSORY CAPABILITIES OF THE VIBRISSA SENSORY SYSTEM......Page 54
1. Resonance and Frequency Encoding in Other Sensory Systems......Page 55
2. The Vibrissa Resonance Hypothesis......Page 57
A. VIBRISSA RESONANCE......Page 58
1. Sinusoidal Stimuli......Page 60
C. SOMATOTOPIC FREQUENCY MAPPING AND ISOFREQUENCY COLUMNS......Page 63
2. Velocity Sensitivity: Impact on the Representation of Specific Frequency Bands......Page 68
E. HIGHER HARMONICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE VIBRISSA RESONANCE HYPOTHESIS......Page 69
A. MODULATION OF WHISKING VELOCITY......Page 71
A. DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF VIBRISSA RESONANCE TUNING: ‘CONTACT’ VS. FREQUENCY CODING DURING DIFFERENT EPOCHS OF THE RESPONSE......Page 72
1. Vibrissa Resonance and Trigeminal Temporal Coding......Page 73
2. Vibrissa Resonance and the Volley Principle......Page 77
3. Vibrissa Resonance and SI Temporal Coding......Page 80
C. VIBRISSA RESONANCE AND INTRINSIC NEURAL FREQUENCY TUNING......Page 81
VI. SUMMARY AND HUMAN IMPLICATIONS......Page 84
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
A. SUMMARY......Page 91
B. RAT VIBRISSAL SENSORY PATHWAY AS A GENERAL MODEL......Page 92
A. MODULAR LEARNING IN THE RAT WHISKER SYSTEM......Page 93
B. MODULAR LEARNING IN THE HUMAN TACTILE SYSTEM......Page 95
C. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCOUNT FOR MODULAR LEARNING......Page 96
D. P OPULATION C ODING IN R AT B ARREL C ORTEX......Page 97
E. D ECODING THE A CTIVITY OF R AT B ARREL C ORTEX P OPULATIONS......Page 98
F. C ONCLUDING O BSERVATIONS C ONCERNING S PATIAL P LASTICITY R ULES......Page 99
A. FLUCTUATIONS IN CORTICAL EXCITABILITY......Page 100
B TIMING -BASED PLASTICITY OF INTRACORTICAL CONNECTIONS......Page 101
D. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR RAPID FLUCTUATIONS IN PLASTICITY......Page 104
E. LOCUS OF MODIFICATION......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
II. INTRODUCTION......Page 109
III. PSYCHOPHYSICS IN THE FLUTTER DISCRIMINATION TASK......Page 110
IV. NEURAL CODING OF VIBROTACTILE STIMULI IN S1......Page 113
V. NEURONAL CORRELATES OF FLUTTER DISCRIMINATION IN S1......Page 116
VI. ARTIFICIAL INDUCTION OF ACTIVITY IN S1 UNDERLYING FLUTTER DISCRIMINATION......Page 119
VII. GENERAL COMMENTS......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 124
I. OVERVIEW......Page 127
C. TRANSFER BETWEEN LOCATIONS......Page 128
III. TACTILE SUPERIORITY IN THE BLIND: A MANIFESTATION OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING?......Page 131
IV. INTER-MANUAL REFERRAL OF TACTILE SENSATION......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
CONTENTS......Page 139
B. I NTRODUCTION......Page 140
2. Critical or Sensitive Periods......Page 141
4. Complete (Global) vs. Restricted (Partial) Deprivation......Page 142
5. Timing: When is the Sensory Deprivation Imposed?......Page 143
7. Controls: What is a Valid Control for Sensory Deprivation?......Page 144
1. Development of Normal Cortical Response Properties......Page 145
2. Ascending and Recurrent Circuits......Page 147
3. Intracortical Circuits......Page 148
1. In Vivo Analysis of Global Sensory Deprivation during Development......Page 149
3. Anatomical Changes Produced by Global Sensory Deprivation......Page 152
4. Partial Sensory Deprivation During Postnatal Development......Page 153
5. Comparison of Partial with Global Sensory Deprivation......Page 155
6. Effects of Sensory Deprivation on the Adult Brain......Page 156
F. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AFFECTED BY SENSORY DEPRIVATION......Page 157
1. Effects of Sensory Deprivation on Excitatory Neurotransmission......Page 158
2. Effects of Sensory Deprivation on Inhibitory Neurotransmission......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
CONTENTS......Page 169
A. TASK ANALYSES......Page 170
B. DEVISING TASK ANALYSES BASED ON CURRENT UNDERSTANDINGS OF NEURAL PROCESSING......Page 171
A. NON-HIERARCHICAL VIEWS OF SENSORIMOTOR PROCESSING......Page 172
III. PRINCIPLE II: INFORMATION FROM MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES IS PROCESSED SIMULTANEOUSLY......Page 174
IV. PRINCIPLE III: LABORATORY ANIMALS ARE CONSTANTLY EVALUATING INFORMATION ACROSS MULTIPLE TIME SCALES IN ORDER TO MORE ACCURATELY PREDICT WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THEIR WORLD......Page 175
A. PARALLEL PROCESSING AT MULTIPLE TIME SCALES......Page 176
V. PRINCIPLE IV: ACTION POTENTIALS ARE NOT THE ONLY CAUSAL NEURAL ACTIVITY,
WITH RAMIFICATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR......Page 178
A. MOTOR ORGANIZATION IN TERMS OF SURVIVAL - RELATED BEHAVIORS......Page 179
B. SENSORIMOTOR L EARNING ACCORDING TO THIS VIEW......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 184
A. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT AND PLASTICITY......Page 185
B. MOTOR LEARNING......Page 187
A. THE CONCEPT OF SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY......Page 193
B. REORGANIZATION OF M1 A SSOCIATED WITH S PONTANEOUS R ECOVERY AFTER AN ISCHEMIC INFARCT......Page 195
C. DIRECTED REORGANIZATION OF INJURY-INDUCED PLASTICITY IN MOTOR CORTEX......Page 199
D. NEUROMODULATION OF CORTICAL ACTIVITY......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 206
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 218
II. MOTOR CORTEX REORGANIZATION AFTER AMPUTATIONS, NERVE INJURY, AND SPINAL CORD DAMAGE IN MATURE AND DEVELOPING RATS......Page 219
III. MOTOR SYSTEM PLASTICITY AFTER CORTICAL LESIONS IN RATS......Page 222
IV. MOTOR CORTEX REORGANIZATION AFTER THE LOSS OF A LIMB IN MATURE AND DEVELOPING PRIMATES......Page 223
V. DO NEW CONNECTIONS CONTRIBUTE TO MOTOR CORTEX REORGANIZATION?......Page 226
VI. REORGANIZATION AFTER FOCAL LESIONS OF MOTOR CORTEX IN MONKEYS......Page 227
VII. MOTOR CORTEX REORGANIZATION IN HUMANS......Page 228
IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 231
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 235
A. CHRONIC LIMB DEAFFERENTATION......Page 236
1. Effects on Contralateral Cortical Function......Page 238
2. Effects on Ipsilateral Cortical Function......Page 239
C. SOMATOSENSORY STIMULATION......Page 242
III. EFFECTS OF CORTICAL STIMULATION ON MOTOR CORTICAL FUNCTION AND CORTICAL PLASTICITY......Page 243
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
I. ABSTRACT......Page 255
II. INTRODUCTION......Page 256
A. FOCAL HAND DYSTONIA (FH D )......Page 257
C. PRIMATE STUDIES......Page 259
D. RODENT ANIMAL MODELS......Page 266
E. SUMMARY OF ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 267
1. Experiment I: Relationship of Clinical Performance and Neural Structure......Page 268
2. Experiment II: Intervention (12 Subjects)......Page 275
a. Study Findings......Page 277
3. Experiment III: Three Case Studies......Page 278
III. SUMMARY OF INTERVENTION STRATEGIES......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281