Neural Basis of Semantic Memory

0521848709......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Part I Semantic Memory: Building Models from Lesions......Page 15
1 Semantic refractory access disorders......Page 17
1.1 Description of the syndrome......Page 18
1.1.1 Temporal factors......Page 19
1.1.3 Frequency......Page 20
1.1.4 Semantic relatedness......Page 21
1.2 Semantic refractory access category dissociations......Page 22
1.3 Evidence for fine-grain semantic organization within broad categories......Page 24
1.4 The organization of geographical knowledge......Page 28
1.5 Modality specificity......Page 30
1.6 Principles of semantic organization......Page 32
1.7 The neurophysiological basis of semantic refractory access disorders......Page 35
1.8 Conclusions......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
2 The anatomical locus of lesion in category-specific semantic disorders and the format of the underlying conceptual representations......Page 42
2.1 The format of conceptual representations and their relationships with the underlying perceptual activities......Page 43
2.2 The categorical organization of conceptual knowledge......Page 46
2.2.1 Disorders in production and comprehension of nouns and verbs in brain-damaged patients......Page 48
Neuroanatomical correlates of disorders selectively affecting nouns and verbs......Page 49
Consistency between neuroanatomical data and predictions based on the ‘‘sensory-motor model of semantic knowledge’’......Page 50
2.2.2 Disorders in identification of living beings and artifacts in brain-damaged patients......Page 51
Objections addressed to category-specific semantic disorders for living entities......Page 52
The interpretation of category-specific semantic disorders for living beings and artifacts......Page 53
Implications of neuroanatomical data for cognitive interpretations of category-specific disorders for living and nonliving beings......Page 55
Neuroanatomical correlates of disorders specifically affecting living and nonliving things......Page 56
The influence of lesion location and of gender-related familiarity factors on category-specific disorders for artifacts, animals and plant-life categories......Page 57
Consistency between neuroanatomical correlates of category-specific semantic disorders for living beings and artifacts and predictions based on the ‘‘sensory-motor model of semantic knowledge’’......Page 59
2.2.3 Category-specific naming disorders in patients with a ‘‘visuoverbal disconnection’’......Page 60
2.3 Main objections addressed to the ‘‘sensory-motor model of semantic knowledge’’......Page 62
2.4 Concluding remarks......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
Part II Insights from Electrophysiology......Page 77
3 Functional modularity of semantic memory revealed by event-related brain potentials......Page 79
3.1 Modularity versus interactionism......Page 80
3.2 Event-related brain potentials......Page 82
3.2.1 Prerequisites for ERP generation......Page 83
3.3.1 Scalp potentials......Page 84
3.3.4 Factorial design......Page 85
3.4.2 Nonstructural factors......Page 86
3.5 The analysis of ERP topography......Page 87
3.6 The additive-amplitude method......Page 88
3.6.2 Spatial distinctiveness......Page 89
3.7 Overview of the method......Page 90
3.7.1 Case 1: Amplitude additivity at every electrode site......Page 91
3.7.3 Case 3: Factors interact at some sites......Page 93
3.8 Modularity as revealed by the additive-amplitude method......Page 95
3.9.1 Additivity and acceptance of the null hypothesis......Page 96
3.9.2 Multiple comparisons......Page 97
3.10 Example 1: Concreteness, context, and modularity in sentence comprehension......Page 99
300-500ms......Page 101
3.10.2 Discussion......Page 104
3.11 Example 2: Repetition, relatedness, and semantic satiation......Page 105
3.11.1 Results......Page 106
400-600ms......Page 107
3.11.2 Discussion......Page 108
3.12.1 Integration......Page 110
3.12.2 Disclaimers......Page 111
3.13 Future directions......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
4 Bilingual semantic memory revisited – ERP and fMRI evidence......Page 119
4.1 A shared semantic memory?......Page 121
4.2 Evidence for L1-L2 asymmetry in processing......Page 123
4.3 Proficiency effects......Page 124
4.4 ERPs and bilingual semantic memory......Page 125
4.5 Bilingual semantic access in sentences: RTs and ERPs......Page 127
4.6 The neural basis of bilingual semantic memory: neuroimaging evidence......Page 130
4.7 fMRI proficiency and AoA effects......Page 132
4.8 Conclusion......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
Part III Applications of Models to Understanding Cognitive Dysfunction......Page 145
5.1 Formal thought disorder......Page 147
5.2 Semantic memory and formal thought disorder......Page 148
5.3 Neuroimaging studies of FTD......Page 149
5.4 Semantic object recall in schizophrenia......Page 150
5.5 Neural correlates of semantic object recall in FTD......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 157
Part IV Representations of Nouns and Verbs vs. Objects and Actions......Page 161
6 Effects of word imageability on semantic access: neuroimaging studies......Page 163
6.1 Neuroimaging studies of concrete and abstract word processing......Page 164
6.2 Imageability effects during lexical decision......Page 170
6.2.2 Results......Page 171
6.2.3 Discussion......Page 173
6.3 Imageability effects during semantic decision......Page 174
3.2 Results......Page 176
6.3.3 Discussion......Page 177
6.4 Imageability effects during word naming......Page 180
6.4.3 Discussion......Page 181
6.5 Summary and conclusions......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 186
7.1 Cognitive models of semantic organization......Page 196
7.2 Overview of functional imaging approaches......Page 198
7.3.1 The visuomotor system......Page 200
7.3.2 The neural systems of action semantics......Page 202
7.4.1 The distinction between hand manipulations and whole-body movements......Page 203
7.4.2 The distinction between manipulation and functional knowledge: knowing ‘‘how’’ and knowing ‘‘what for’’......Page 204
7.4.3 The influence of sensory experience on action-selective LPMT response......Page 205
7.5.1 Tool-selectivity in the visuomotor action system......Page 206
7.5.2 Dorsoventral dissociation of tool-selective activations......Page 208
7.6.1 The feature-based model of semantic memory:action and tool semantics......Page 210
7.6.2 The neural mechanisms underlying tool and action semantics......Page 211
REFERENCES......Page 212
8.2 Sensory/functional approaches......Page 219
8.2.1 Imageability and concreteness......Page 220
8.2.2 Visual and sensorimotor features......Page 222
8.3 Nouns, verbs, objects, and actions......Page 226
8.3.1 A ‘‘semantic core’’ approach......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 228
Part V Critical Role of Subcortical Nuclei in Semantic Functions......Page 231
9 Role of the basal ganglia in language and semantics: supporting cast......Page 233
9.1 The basal ganglia impact cortical activity through closed circuits......Page 234
9.2 The basal ganglia are not directly involved in core language and semantic functions......Page 236
9.3 The basal ganglia participate in intention......Page 237
9.4 The basal ganglia enhance selected actions and suppress competing action programs......Page 238
9.5 The basal ganglia are involved in retrieval of lexical items during word generation......Page 239
9.6 Enhancement and suppression are temporally scaled in the basal ganglia......Page 241
9.7 Semantic priming studies illustrate the role of the basal ganglia in intentionally guided attention......Page 246
9.8 The participation of the basal ganglia in semantic priming and word generation can be most parsimoniously explained .........Page 247
9.9 Modulation of the direct loop by D1 activity can be used to understand enhancement during semantic priming......Page 248
9.10 Suppression during semantic priming may be implemented by the hyperdirect and indirect loops......Page 250
9.11 Further research is needed to refine this model......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 254
Part VI Conceptual Models of Semantics......Page 259
10 Process and content in semantic memory......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 275
11 The conceptual structure account: A cognitive model of semantic memory and its neural instantiation......Page 279
11.1.1 The model......Page 280
Property generation studies......Page 285
Neuropsychological patient studies......Page 287
Studies with healthy participants......Page 292
11.2.1 Category-specific vs. distributed neural systems......Page 295
11.2.2 A distributed, hierarchical object processing system......Page 300
11.3 Future directions......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
12.1 Overview......Page 316
12.2 The expression and representation of knowledge......Page 317
12.3 What we have learned from functional brain imaging about the representation of object properties and categories......Page 318
12.4 Retrieving information about object properties: the representation of object-associated motion and object-associated color......Page 320
12.6 Distributed representations for animals, tools, faces, and houses......Page 323
12.7 The representation of motion properties in the posterior, lateral temporal cortex (MTG, STS)......Page 325
12.8 Beyond the temporal lobes: premotor and intraparietal regions associated with grasping objects are active when viewing and naming tools......Page 328
12.9 What do the overlapping patterns of cortical activity mean? Learning-dependent modulation of object category-related activity......Page 329
12.10 Is activity in the fusiform gyrus related to conceptual processing?......Page 330
12.11 Are these neural circuits involved in learning about object property information?......Page 332
12.12 Can object category-related neural systems be active in a purely top-down fashion?......Page 335
12.13 Concluding comments......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 339
13 Neural hybrid model of semantic object memory (version 1.1)......Page 345
13.1.1 Semantic memory subsystems......Page 346
13.1.2 Semantic processing, irrespective of stimulus type......Page 356
13.1.3 Connections across and within systems......Page 362
13.1.4 Integrated object concept in semantic memory......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 367
Index......Page 375