Networks of Innovation Change and Meaning in the Age of the Internet

Contents......Page 8
List of Figures......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 14
2. Innovation as Multifocal Development of Social Practice......Page 21
2.1 Putting the User in Focus......Page 23
2.2 Use as Meaningful Practice......Page 24
2.3 Production as an End......Page 27
2.4 Investment and Invention of Meaning......Page 28
2.5 Community as the Locus of Practice......Page 32
2.6 Interpretative Flexibility and Ecology of Social Practices......Page 34
2.7 Social Drivers of Innovation......Page 36
2.8 Individual Exploration......Page 38
2.9 Spaces of Novelty......Page 39
2.10 Dynamics of Networked Innovation Spaces......Page 42
3. Inventing the Web......Page 49
3.1 The First WorldWideWeb Proposal......Page 51
3.2 State of the Art: KMS......Page 54
3.3 Architecture of the WorldWideWeb......Page 56
3.4 Mobilizing Resources......Page 58
3.5 The Vision of Xanadu......Page 61
3.6 Sources of Success......Page 63
4. The Making of the Internet......Page 67
4.1 Laying the Infrastructure......Page 68
4.2 Networking the World......Page 70
4.3 Competing Technologies......Page 73
4.4 Message-packets and Resilient Networks: Innovation at RAND......Page 78
4.5 Time-sharing and Network Society: Work at NPL......Page 84
4.6 Interactive Computing: Augmenting the Human Mind......Page 90
4.7 Time-sharing and On-line Communities......Page 98
4.8 IPTO: Translating Ideas into Money and Technology......Page 100
5. Analysis of the Early Phase of Internet Development......Page 106
5.1 Technological Frames......Page 107
5.2 Resource Mobility in the Early Phases of Internet History......Page 114
6. Socio-Cognitive Spaces of Innovation and Meaning Creation......Page 118
6.1 Thought Collectives......Page 121
6.2 Speech Genre and Chronotope......Page 125
6.3 Communities of Practice......Page 127
6.4 Social Learning in Communities of Practice......Page 128
6.5 The Concept of ba......Page 130
7. Breaking through a Technological Frame......Page 135
7.1 Two Evolutionary Paths of Communities......Page 140
7.2 Development of Specialization, Division of Labour, and New Technological Frames......Page 141
7.3 Combinatorial Innovation in an Ecology of Communities......Page 143
7.4 Layered ba and Combinatorial Innovation......Page 147
8.1 Email as a Combinatorial Innovation......Page 151
8.2 ARPANET Ecology and the Evolution of the Network Working Group......Page 155
9. Retrospection and Attribution in the History of Arpanet and the Internet......Page 166
9.1 ‘The First Paper on Packet-switching Theory’......Page 168
9.2 Reconstructing the Internet......Page 170
10. Learning from Linux......Page 175
10.1 The Evolution of Linux......Page 176
10.2 The Linux Developer Community......Page 182
10.3 Sedimentation, Translation, and Reduction of Complexity......Page 195
10.4 Quality Control, Linus’s Law, and the Ecology of Bugs......Page 200
10.5 Rules, Regulations, and Intellectual Property......Page 207
10.6 Developer Incentives and Resource Allocation......Page 214
11.1 Linux as Modern Economy......Page 222
11.2 The Hierarchy of Innovation......Page 228
11.3 The New Economy......Page 229
11.4 The Road Ahead......Page 232
References......Page 234
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