Netter's Surgical Anatomy and Approaches (Netter Clinical Science), 2e (Sep 24, 2020)_(0323673465)_(Elsevier)

Front Cover
IFC
NETTER’S SURGICAL ANATOMY AND APPROACHES
Copyright
Dedication
About the Artists
Preface
Contributors
Contents
Video Contents
1 - The Neck
	1 - Selective (Supraomohyoid) Neck Dissection, Levels I-III
		INTRODUCTION
		NECK ANATOMY FOR SURGICAL PLANNING
		INCISION PLANNING AND PATIENT POSITIONING FOR NECK DISSECTION
		Raising the Subplatysmal Flap
		LEVEL IA-IBNECK DISSECTION
		LEVEL II-IIINECK DISSECTION
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	2 - Tracheostomy
		INTRODUCTION
		INDICATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF TRACHEOTOMY
		PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
		PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
		SURGICAL ANATOMY AND OPEN TRACHEOTOMY PROCEDURE External Anatomy
			Strap Muscles and Midline Raphe
			Thyroid Isthmus
			Anatomy With Trachea Visualized
			Anatomy With Trachea Visualized (Continued)
			Anatomy With Tracheotomy Tube in Place
		PERCUTANEOUS DILATATIONAL TRACHEOTOMY PROCEDURE
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
2 - Endocrine
	3 - Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy
		THYROIDECTOMY
			Surgical Anatomy for Thyroidectomy
			Surgical Anatomy of the Superior Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
			Surgical Anatomy of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
			Patient Positioning and Skin Incision
			Exposing the Thyroid Gland
			Mobilizing the Thyroid Lobe
		PARATHYROIDECTOMY
			Anatomy and Embryology of the Parathyroid Glands
			Indication for Surgery
			Adjunct Tests
			Parathyroid Gland Exploration
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	4 - Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
			Lateral Transperitoneal Approach
			Posterior Retroperitoneal Approach
			Robotic
		TIPS AND TRICKS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
3 - Upper Gastrointestinal
	5 - Esophagectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL APPROACHES
			Transhiatal Esophagectomy
			Transhiatal Esophagectomy (Continued)
			Ivor Lewis and McKeown Approaches
			Anastomosis
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	6 - Minimally Invasive Antireflux Surgery
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
		DIAPHRAGMATIC CRURA
		RIGHT CRURAL PILLAR
		LEFT CRURAL PILLAR
		SHORT GASTRIC VESSELS
		PHRENOESOPHAGEAL LIGAMENT
		CRURAL CLOSURE
		FUNDOPLICATION CREATION AROUND ESOPHAGUS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	7 - Truncal and Selective Vagotomy
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY: INNERVATION OF THE STOMACH
		CLINICAL INDICATIONS
			Refractory Peptic Ulcer Disease
			Recalcitrant Marginal Ulcers After Roux-en-Y-GastricBypass
		PROCEDURES
			Truncal Vagotomy
			Abdominal Approach
			Selective and Highly Selective Vagotomy
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	8 - Gastrectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
		ANATOMY
		SURGICAL APPROACH FOR GASTRECTOMY
		SURGICAL APPROACH FOR GASTRECTOMY (Continued)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	9 - Gastric Emptying Procedures
		INTRODUCTION
		PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
		NONSURGICAL OPTIONS
		ENTERAL ACCESS
		SURGICAL ENDOSCOPIC APPROACHES
		SURGICAL APPROACHES
			Gastric Electric Stimulator
			Surgical Pyloromyotomy
			Heineke-MikuliczPyloroplasty
			Finney U-ShapedPyloroplasty
			Jaboulay Gastroduodenostomy
			Distal Gastrectomy and Billroth I, Billroth II, or Roux-en-Y Reconstruction
			Total Gastrectomy
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	10 - Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL CRITERIA
		SURGICAL ANATOMY FOR GASTRIC BYPASS
		SURGICAL ANATOMY FOR SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	11 - Surgical Management of Achalasia
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
		THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
		SURGICAL ANATOMY
		LAPAROSCOPIC HELLER MYOTOMY
		PER-ORALENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY (POEM)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
4 - Hepatobiliary
	12 - Cholecystectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY
		PHYSIOLOGY
		INDICATIONS
			Benign
			Malignant
		TECHNIQUES
			Laparoscopic
			Open
			Intraoperative Cholangiogram
		SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	13 - Common Bile Duct Surgery and Choledochoduodenostomy
		INTRODUCTION
		CYSTIC DUCT ANATOMY AND VARIANTS
		LAPAROSCOPIC COMMON BILE DUCT EXPLORATION
			Transcystic Approach
			Transductal/Choledochotomy Approach
		OPEN COMMON DUCT EXPLORATION
		CHOLEDOCHODUODENOSTOMY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	14 - Hepatectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES (Continued)
		RIGHT HEPATIC LOBECTOMY
		RIGHT HEPATIC LOBECTOMY (Continued)
		LEFT HEPATECTOMY
		LEFT HEPATECTOMY (Continued)
		CENTRAL HEPATECTOMY
		ASSOCIATING LIVER PARTITION AND PORTAL VEIN LIGATION FOR STAGED HEPATECTOMY (ALPPS)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	15 - Distal Pancreatectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL ANATOMY
		SURGICAL APPROACH
			Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy
			Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy (Continued)
			Open Distal Pancreatectomy
			Open Retrograde Distal Pancreatectomy With Splenectomy
			Distal Pancreatectomy With Splenic Preservation
			Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreaticosplenectomy
			Distal Pancreatectomy and Celiac Axis Resection
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	16 - Pancreatoduodenectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL APPROACH
			Open Technique
			Open Technique (Continued)
			Minimally Invasive Pancreatoduodenectomy
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	17 - Splenectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
		LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUE (Continued)
		HAND-ASSISTEDAPPROACH
		OPEN APPROACH
		POSTOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
5 - Organ Transplantation
	18 - Liver Transplantation
		INTRODUCTION
		HEPATECTOMY
		IMPLANTATION
			Orthotopic Liver Transplant (OLT): Standard Technique With and Without Venous-VenousBypass
			Piggyback Technique
			Portal Vein
			Hepatic Artery
			Bile Duct
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	19 - Living Donor Liver Transplantation
		INTRODUCTION
		DONOR ASSESSMENT
			Imaging and Liver Volume Calculation
		TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SURGERY
		GRAFT TYPE
		RECIPIENT SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	20 - Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation
		INTRODUCTION
		NOMENCLATURE
		DONOR SURGERY
			Isolated Intestinal Graft
			Multivisceral Graft
		RECIPIENT SURGERY
			Arterial Inflow
			Venous Outflow
			Restoration of Gastrointestinal Continuity
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	21 - Kidney Transplantation
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND CONSIDERATION
		PROCUREMENT AND PREPARATION OF KIDNEY
		ALLOGRAFT ON THE BACKTABLE
		KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	22 - Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation
		PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND CONSIDERATION
		SIMULTANEOUS PANCREAS AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
			Incision, Exposure, and Preparation for Implantation
		KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
			Bench Preparation of the Pancreas Allograft
		REVASCULARIZATION AND REPERFUSION
		PANCREAS EXOCRINE DUCT MANAGEMENT VIA DUODENOJEJUNOSTOMY
		ABDOMINAL LAVAGE AND CLOSURE
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	23 - Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
		OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES (LEFT LAPAROSCOPIC DONOR NEPHRECTOMY)
			Patient Positioning and Establishing Abdominal Access
			Operative Approach
			Operative Approach (Continued)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	24 - Deceased Donor Organ Recovery
		INTRODUCTION
		ABDOMINAL ORGAN RECOVERY
		STANDARD TECHNIQUE
		RAPID TECHNIQUE
		RECOVERY OF THE LIVER
		RECOVERY OF PANCREAS
		RECOVERY OF KIDNEYS
		RECOVERY OF ILIAC VESSELS FOR GRAFT
		SUGGESTED READINGS
6 - Lower Gastrointestinal
	25 - Appendectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
			Operative Anatomy
			Anatomic Principles of Exposure
		SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
			Laparoscopic Approach
			Open Technique
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	26 - Abdominal Wall Marking and Stoma Site Selection
		INTRODUCTION
		STOMA SITE SELECTION
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	27 - Right Colectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SUPERFICIAL ANATOMY AND TOPOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS
		ANATOMIC APPROACH TO RIGHT COLECTOMY
			Positioning and Port Placement
			Medial-to-Lateral
			Identification of Ileocolic Vessels
			Variation in Arteries of Right Colon
			Middle Colic Vessels
			Omentum and Lesser Sac
			Inferior Dissection
			Extracorporeal Anastomosis
		INTRACORPOREAL ANASTOMOSIS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	28 - Left and Sigmoid Colectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		ANATOMY FOR PREOPERATIVE IMAGING
		SURFACE ANATOMY, INCISION, AND PORT PLACEMENT
		PROCEDURAL STEPS
		VASCULAR ANATOMY
		IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF THE VASCULAR PEDICLE
		SPLENIC FLEXURE
		SIGMOID AND DESCENDING COLON
		UPPER MESORECTAL MOBILIZATION AND ANASTOMOSIS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	29 - Transverse Colectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		ANATOMY FOR TRANSVERSE COLECTOMY
			Hepatic Flexure
			Splenic Flexure
			Relationships of Greater Omentum to Transverse Colon and Stomach
			Transverse Mesocolon: Middle Colic Artery and Vein
		COMPLETION OF TRANSVERSE COLECTOMY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	30 - Low Anterior Resection With Total Mesorectal Excision and Anastomosis
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		ANATOMY FOR PREOPERATIVE IMAGING
		ANATOMY FOR COLONIC MOBILIZATION AND DISSECTION
			Inferior Mesenteric Artery and Vein: Anterior View
			Inferior Mesenteric Artery and Vein: Medial Oblique View
			Splenic Flexure
			Upper Mesorectum: Posterior Mesorectal Anatomy
			Lower Mesorectum: Anterior Mesorectal Anatomy
			Rectal Transection From Below
		TRANSANAL MESORECTAL DISSECTION
		SUGGESTED READING
	31 - Abdominoperineal Resection
		INTRODUCTION
		PRINCIPLES OF PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
		ANATOMIC APPROACH TO LEFT COLON MOBILIZATION
		APPROACH FOR RECTAL DISSECTION
		APPROACH FOR RECTAL DISSECTION (Continued)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	32 - Hemorrhoids and Hemorrhoidectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY OF HEMORRHOIDS
		MINOR PROCEDURES
			Rubber Band Ligation
			HET Bipolar System
			Sclerotherapy
		SURGICAL OPTIONS
			Doppler-GuidedHemorrhoidal Arterial Ligation and Mucopexy
			Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy
			Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy
		STRANGULATED HEMORRHOIDS
		THROMBOSED EXTERNAL HEMORRHOIDS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	33 - Perianal Abscess and Fistula in Ano
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY AND PATHOGENESIS
		PERIANAL ABSCESS
			Describing the Abscess and Its Treatment by Its Location
		HORSESHOE ABSCESS
		SUPRALEVATOR ABSCESS
		GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT FOR PERIANAL ABSCESSES
		ANAL FISTULA
			Pathogenesis and Presentation
			Classification
		PRINCIPLES OF THE TREATMENT OF ANAL FISTULAS
		COMPLICATED PERIANAL SEPSIS
			Crohn’s Disease
			Vaginal Fistulas
			Pouch Fistulas
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	34 - Suture Rectopexy and Ventral Mesh Rectopexy
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY FOR RECTOPEXY AND PELVIC DISSE
		SUTURE RECTOPEXY
		MINIMALLY INVASIVE VENTRAL MESH RECTOPEXY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	35 - Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES (Continued)
		ILEOANAL POUCH AND ANASTOMOSIS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	36 - Sphincter Repair and Sacral Neuromodulation
		INTRODUCTION
		SACRAL NEUROMODULATION
		STAGE 1: IMPLANTATION OF THE ELECTRODE
		SUGGESTED READINGS
7 - Hernia
	37 - Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair
		INTRODUCTION
		LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACHES
		KEY ANATOMIC CONCEPTS FOR LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR
			Myopectineal Orifice
			Inguinal Ligament Versus Ileopubic Tract
			Pectineal Ligament
			Inguinal Geometry
		PRINCIPLES OF LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR
		TRANSABDOMINAL PREPERITONEAL APPROACH
		TRANSABDOMINAL PREPERITONEAL APPROACH (Continued)
		TOTALLY EXTRAPERITONEAL APPROACH
		TOTALLY EXTRAPERITONEAL APPROACH (Continued)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	38 - Surgical Approach to Chronic Groin Pain Following Inguinal Hernia Repairs
		INTRODUCTION
		INGUINAL NEUROANATOMY
		SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR CHRONIC POSTOPERATIVE INGUINAL PAIN
			Open Inguinal Mesh Removal and Triple Neurectomy
			Laparoscopic Inguinal Mesh Removal
			Laparoscopic Triple Neurectomy
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	39 - Open Flank and Lumbar Hernia Repair
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION
		CLINICAL PRESENTATION
		IMAGING
		SURGICAL ANATOMY AND OPERATIVE STEPS
		SURGICAL ANATOMY AND OPERATIVE STEPS (Continued)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	40 - Open Retromuscular Hernia Repair
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		RETROMUSCULAR REPAIRS AND ADJUNCTS
			Rives-StoppaRetrorectus Dissection
			Preperitoneal Approach
			Intramuscular Dissection
			Transversus Abdominis Release
			Exposure of Cooper’s Ligament and Space of Retzius
			Exposure of the Subxiphoid Space and Central Tendon of the Diaphragm
			Mesh Placement
			Reconstruction of the Linea Alba
		SUGGESTED READINGS
8 - Vascular
	41 - Carotid Endarterectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL EXPOSURE
		CAROTID BIFURCATION EXPOSURE
		CAROTID BIFURCATION EXPOSURE (Continued)
		CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY TECHNIQUE
		CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY TECHNIQUE (Continued)
		CLOSURE
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	42 - Carotid Subclavian Bypass/Transposition and Vertebral Transposition
		SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY RECONSTRUCTION
			Introduction
			Surgical Planning
			Preparation
		CAROTID SUBCLAVIAN BYPASS
			Dissection
			Bypass and Anastomosis
		SUBCLAVIAN-TO-CAROTIDTRANSPOSITION
			Dissection
			Arteriotomy and Anastomosis
		VERTEBRAL TRANSPOSITION
			Surgical Anatomy
			Indications
			Dissection
			Arteriotomy and Anastomosis
			Closure
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	43 - Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PLANNING
		TRANSPERITONEAL APPROACH
			Iliac Exposure
			Lateral Iliac Exposure
			Renal Vasculature
			Medial Visceral Rotation
		RETROPERITONEAL EXPOSURE
			Iliac Exposure
		THORACOABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
			Avoiding Visceral, Renal, and Spinal Cord Ischemia
		SPECIAL CONCERNS
		AORTOBIFEMORAL BYPASS
		RUPTURED ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	44 - Visceral Bypass
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL ANATOMY
		SURGICAL PLANNING AND REVASCULARIZATION
		ANTEGRADE MESENTERIC BYPASS
		ANTEGRADE MESENTERIC BYPASS (Continued)
		RETROGRADE MESENTERIC BYPASS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	45 - Radiocephalic, Brachiocephalic, and Brachiobasilic Fistula
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
		TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
		RADIOCEPHALIC FISTULA
		BRACHIOCEPHALIC FISTULA
		BRACHIOBASILIC FISTULA
		POSTOPERATIVE MONITORING
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	46 - Femoral Endarterectomy and Femoral Popliteal Bypass
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMY AND TOPOGRAPHIC LANDMARKS
		COMMON FEMORAL ARTERY EXPOSURE
		ENDARTERECTOMY AND PATCH ANGIOPLASTY
		SUPRAGENICULATE POPLITEAL ARTERY EXPOSURE
		INFRAGENICULATE POPLITEAL ARTERY EXPOSURE
		BYPASS CONDUITS
		TUNNELING
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	47 - Femoral Tibial Bypass
		INTRODUCTION
		FEMORAL–POSTERIOR TIBIAL
		FEMORAL–POSTERIOR TIBIAL (Continued)
		FEMORAL–ANTERIOR TIBIAL
		FEMORAL–PERONEAL
		FEMORAL–FOOT OR ANKLE ARTERIES
			Femoral–Dorsalis Pedis
			Femoral–Distal Posterior Tibial
		ADJUNCTS FOR BYPASS SUCCESS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	48 - Above-Knee and Below-Knee Amputation
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		BELOW-KNEE (TRANSTIBIAL)  AMPUTATION
		ABOVE-KNEE (TRANSFEMORAL)  AMPUTATION
		POSTOPERATIVE CARE
		SUGGESTED READING
9 -Vascular Access,Emergency and Trauma Procedures
	49 - Tracheal Intubation and Endoscopic Anatomy
		INTRODUCTION
		AIRWAY ANATOMY
			Upper Airway
			Nose and Nasopharynx
			Lower Airway
		INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION
		PREINTUBATION AIRWAY EVALUATION
		ANESTHESIA AND AIRWAY INNERVATION
		LARYNGOSCOPY
		FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY
		FAILED INTUBATION
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	50 - Chest Tube Placement
		INTRODUCTION
		THORACIC ANATOMY AND KEY LANDMARKS
		SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	51 - Emergency Thoracotomy for Trauma
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
		THORACOTOMY
		OPEN PERICARDIUM
		CARDIAC MASSAGE
		DAMAGE CONTROL
		AORTIC CROSS-CLAMP
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	52 - Central Line Anatomy
		INTRODUCTION
		VENOUS CENTRAL ACCESS PREPARTION
		INTERNAL JUGULAR VENOUS CATHETERIZATION
		INFRACLAVICULAR SUBCLAVIAN VENOUS CATHETERIZATION
		FEMORAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION
		COMPLICATIONS
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	53 - Arterial Line Anatomy
		INTRODUCTION
		RADIAL  ARTERY
		AXILLARY ARTERY
		BRACHIAL ARTERY
		FEMORAL AND DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERIES
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	54 - Upper and Lower Extremity Fasciotomy
		INTRODUCTION
		ETIOLOGY OF COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
		CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND DECISION MAKING
		UPPER EXTREMITYCOMPARTMENT SYNDROME
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES, ANATOMY, AND TECHNIQUE
		LOWER EXTREMITYCOMPARTMENT SYNDROME
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES, ANATOMY, AND TECHNIQUE
		SUGGESTED READINGS
10 -Breast and Oncology
	55 - Mastectomy: Partial and Total
		INTRODUCTION
		PARTIAL MASTECTOMY
		TOTAL MASTECTOMY
		MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY
		BREAST REMOVAL AND RECONSTRUCTION
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	56 - Breast Reconstruction
		INTRODUCTION
		ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN BREAST RECONSTRUCTION
		IMPLANT-BASED RECONSTRUCTION
		AUTOLOGOUS BREAST RECONSTRUCTION
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	57 - Central Duct Excision and Nipple Discharge
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE WORKUP
		SURGICAL PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUE
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	58 - Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
		INTRODUCTION
		SELECTION OF DYE/RADIOTRACER AND INJECTION SITES
		LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE PATTERNS
		SURGICAL APPROACH
		OPERATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SENTINEL LYMPH NODE
		WIRE OR SEED LOCALIZATION OF SENTINEL LYMPH NODE AFTER NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY IN BREAST CANCER
		LYMPHEDEMA RISK
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	59 - Axillary Lymphadenectomy and Lymphaticovenous Bypass
		INTRODUCTION
		AXILLARY LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
		AXILLARY LYMPH NODE DISSECTION (Continued)
		AXILLARY REVERSE MAPPING AND LYMPHATICOVENOUS BYPASS
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	60 - Inguinal and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		INGUINAL LYMPHADENECTOMY
		MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES TO INGUINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
		PELVIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
		MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACHES TO PELVIC NODE DISSECTION
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	61 - Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
		INTRODUCTION
		UNDERSTANDING OF ANATOMY AND PREPARATION FOR SURGERY
		CONDUCT OF THE OPERATION (BOX 61.1)
		SUMMARY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
11 - Urology and Gynecology
	62 - Hysterectomy for Benign and Malignant Conditions
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL ANATOMY
		ROUND AND BROAD LIGAMENTS
		CARDINAL AND UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS AND POTENTIAL SPACES
		PELVIC VASCULATURE AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE URETER
		HYSTERECTOMY
		SURGICAL APPROACH
		ACCESSING THE RETROPERITONEUM
		MANAGEMENT OF THE OVARIES
		UTERINE BLOOD SUPPLY AND MOBILIZATION
		COLPOTOMY AND VAGINAL CLOSURE
		MODIFIED RADICAL AND RADICAL HYSTERECTOMY
		MODIFIED RADICAL AND RADICAL HYSTERECTOMY(Continued)
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	63 - Oophorectomy for Benign and Malignant Conditions
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE IMAGING
		SURGICAL APPROACH
		ANATOMY AND DISSECTION OF THE ADNEXA
			Gonadal Vessels and Infundibulopelvic Ligament
			Utero-ovarianVessels
		LARGE MASSES AND MODIFIED APPROACHES
		RADICAL OOPHORECTOMY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	64 - Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Floor Disorders
		INTRODUCTION
		RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY FOR PELVIC FLOOR DISORDERS
		PELVIC FLOOR ANATOMY
		SURGICAL APPROACHES TO SUSPEND VAGINAL APEX
		UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENT COLPOPEXY
		SACROSPINOUS LIGAMENT COLPOPEXY
		SACRAL COLPOPEXY
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	65 - Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Radical Nephrectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		PREOPERATIVE IMAGING
		SURGICAL APPROACH
		PATIENT POSITIONING AND TROCAR PLACEMENT
		MOBILIZATION OF THE COLON
		DISSECTION
			Ureter
			Renal Hilum
			Adrenal Gland
			Lateral Attachments Divided
		EXTRACTION
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	66 - Radical Prostatectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		PROSTATE CANCER: THERAPEUTIC PRINCIPLES
		SURGICAL APPROACH
			Posterior Prostatic Dissection
			Development of the Space of Retzius
			Bladder Neck Dissection
			Neurovascular Bundle Preservation
			Prostatic Pedicle Ligation and Division of the Deep Dorsal Venous Plexus
			Division of Urethra
			Vesicourethral Anastomosis
			Specimen Extraction
		ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	67 - Radical Cystectomy
		INTRODUCTION
		SURGICAL APPROACH
			Bladder Mobilization
			Dissection of Ureters
			Pelvic Lymph Nodes Dissection
			Pedicle Dissection
			Urethral Ligation
		ANTERIOR PELVIC EXENTERATION
		Bladder Mobilization
			Vagina-SparingTechnique
			Urethrectomy
			Vaginal Reconstruction
		SUGGESTED READINGS
	68 - Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection
		BILATERAL RETROPERITONEAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION (RPLND)
		BILATERAL RETROPERITONEAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION (RPLND) (Continued)
		VARIATIONS
			Robotic
			Extraperitoneal
		SUGGESTED READINGS
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z