Netter's Orthopaedic Clinical Examination: An Evidence-Based Approach, 2nd Edition

Cover......Page 1
ISBN: 9781437713848......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
DEDICATION......Page 4
Carlos Machado, MD......Page 6
Shane Koppenhaver, PT, PhD, OCS, FAAOMPT......Page 7
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
REFERENCES......Page 12
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 26
Osteology......Page 28
Arthrology......Page 31
Ligaments......Page 32
Muscles Involved in Mastication......Page 34
Floor of Mouth......Page 35
Mandibular Nerve......Page 37
The Association of Oral Habits with Temporomandibular Disorders......Page 38
Self-Reported Temporomandibular Pain......Page 39
Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders......Page 41
Reliability and Diagnostic Utility of RDC/TMD Diagnoses......Page 44
Palpation......Page 45
Diagnostic Utility of Pressure Pain Thresholds in Identifying Temporomandibular Disorder......Page 48
Reliability of Detecting Joint Sounds during Joint Play......Page 50
Diagnostic Utility of Crepitus in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions......Page 51
Reliability of Mouth Opening Range of Motion Measurements of the Temporomandibular Joint......Page 53
Range of Motion......Page 54
Reliability of Measuring Mandibular Opening with Different Head Positions......Page 55
Diagnostic Utility of Deviations in Movement in Identifying Anterior Disc Displacement......Page 56
Reliability of Determining the Presence of Pain during Dynamic Movements......Page 58
Reliability of Detecting Pain during Resistance Tests......Page 59
Reliability of Determining the Presence of Pain during Joint Play......Page 60
Diagnostic Utility of Pain in Identifying Temporomandibular Conditions......Page 61
Reliability of the Compression Test......Page 63
Diagnostic Utility of Combined Tests for Detecting Anterior Disc Displacement without Reduction......Page 64
Predicting Treatment Failure with Nightly Wear of Occlusal Stabilization Splint......Page 69
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 71
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for TMD Using QUADAS......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 76
Osteology......Page 78
Arthrology......Page 80
Ligaments......Page 81
Anterior Muscles of the Neck......Page 83
Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles......Page 84
Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles......Page 86
Posterior Muscles of the Neck......Page 87
Nerves......Page 89
Initial Hypotheses Based on Patient History......Page 91
Cervical Zygapophyseal Pain Syndromes......Page 92
Reliability of the Cervical Spine Historical Examination......Page 93
Diagnostic Utility of Patient Complaints for Cervical Radiculopathy......Page 94
Reliability of Sensation Testing......Page 96
Diagnostic Utility of Pin Prick Sensation Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy......Page 97
Reliability of Manual Muscle Testing......Page 98
Diagnostic Utility of Muscle Stretch Reflex Testing for Cervical Radiculopathy......Page 99
Canadian C-Spine Rule10......Page 102
Diagnostic Utility of the Clinical Examination for Identifying Cervical Spine Injury......Page 103
Reliability of Measuring Range of Motion......Page 106
Reliability of Pain Responses during Active Physiologic Range of Motion......Page 108
Diagnostic Utility of Pain Responses during Active Physiologic Range of Motion......Page 109
Reliability of Cervical Strength and Endurance Testing......Page 110
Reliability of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion......Page 111
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion......Page 114
Reliability of Assessing Pain with Palpation with and without a Patient History......Page 115
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Pain with Palpation......Page 116
Reliability of Postural Assessment......Page 117
Reliability of Muscle Length Assessment......Page 118
Reliability of Spurling’s and Neck Compression Tests......Page 119
Diagnostic Utility of Spurling’s Test......Page 120
Reliability of Neck Distraction and Traction Tests......Page 121
Reliability of Shoulder Abduction Test......Page 122
Neural Tension Tests......Page 123
Combinations of Tests......Page 125
Interventions......Page 128
Diagnostic Utility of a Cluster of Historical and Physical Examination Findings for Improvement with 3 Weeks of Mechanical .........Page 129
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 136
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 139
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 142
Osteology......Page 144
Joints of the Thoracic Spine......Page 145
Joints of the Lumbar Spine......Page 147
Costovertebral Ligaments......Page 148
Thoracolumbar Ligaments......Page 149
Thoracolumbar Muscles: Deep Layer......Page 150
Anterior Abdominal Wall......Page 154
Thoracolumbar Fascia......Page 155
Nerves......Page 156
Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Referral Patterns......Page 160
Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Referral Patterns......Page 162
Reliability of the Historical Examination......Page 163
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Ankylosing Spondylitis......Page 164
Diagnostic Utility of the Sensation, Manual Muscle Testing, and Reflexes for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis......Page 167
Reliability of Range of Motion Measurements......Page 170
Reliability of Pain Provocation during Range of Motion......Page 172
Reliability of Assessing Thoracolumbar Strength and Endurance......Page 173
Reliability of Postural Assessment......Page 174
Reliability of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion......Page 176
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Limited and Painful Passive Intervertebral Motion......Page 180
Association of Limited Passive Intervertebral Motion with Low Back Pain......Page 181
Diagnostic Utility of Assessing Excessive Passive Intervertebral Motion......Page 182
Reliability of Identifying the Centralization Phenomena......Page 183
Diagnostic Utility of the Centralization Phenomena......Page 185
Reliability of the Straight-Leg Raise Test......Page 186
Diagnostic Utility of the Crossed Straight-Leg Raise for Detecting Disc Bulge or Herniation......Page 187
Diagnostic Utility of the Slump Test for Detecting Disc Bulge or Herniation......Page 189
Reliability of Tests for Lumbar Segmental Instability......Page 191
Diagnostic Utility of Tests for Ankylosing Spondylitis......Page 193
Reliability of Low Back Pain Classification Systems......Page 198
Treatment-Based Classification Method79......Page 199
Diagnostic Utility of Single and Combinations of Factors for Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Lumbar Stabilizat .........Page 200
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 203
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 206
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 210
Sacroiliac Pain and Sacroiliac Dysfunction......Page 212
Pain Location and Aggravating Factors......Page 222
Sacroiliac Joint Pain Referral Patterns......Page 223
Pain Provocation and Patient Identification of Location of Pain......Page 224
Assessment of Symmetry of Bony Landmarks......Page 225
Patrick Test (FABER Test)......Page 227
Thigh Thrust (or Posterior Shear Test or Posterior Pelvic Provocation Test)......Page 228
Compression Test......Page 229
Sacral Thrust Test......Page 230
Gaenslen Test......Page 231
Pain Provocation......Page 233
Distraction Test......Page 234
Mennell’s Test......Page 235
Other Pain Provocations Tests......Page 236
Gillet Test (Stork Test)......Page 237
Spring Test (Joint Play Assessment)......Page 239
Long-Sit Test (Supine to Sit Test)......Page 240
Standing Flexion Test......Page 241
Sitting Flexion Test......Page 242
Other Motion Assessment Tests......Page 243
Combinations of Tests......Page 244
Following the McKenzie Evaluation to Rule out Discogenic Pain......Page 246
Identifying Patients Likely to Benefit from Spinal Manipulation......Page 247
Interventions......Page 248
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 249
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies for the Sacroiliac Region Using QUADAS......Page 250
REFERENCES......Page 251
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 254
Osteology......Page 256
Arthrology......Page 257
Ligaments......Page 258
Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh......Page 259
Anterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh......Page 261
Nerves......Page 263
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings......Page 265
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Intra-articular Hip Pain, Osteoarthritis, and Acetabular Labral Tears......Page 266
Reliability of Range of Motion Measurements......Page 267
Range of Motion......Page 269
Diagnostic Utility of Limited Hip Abduction for Detecting Developmental Dysplasia in Infants......Page 271
Reliability of Detecting Pain or Weakness During Resisted Tests......Page 275
Diagnostic Utility of Pain or Weakness for Identifying Lateral Hip Tendon Pathology......Page 277
Diagnostic Utility of the Trendelenburg Test for Identifying Lateral Hip Tendon Pathology......Page 278
Reliability of Tests for Iliotibial Band Length......Page 279
Reliability of the Thomas Test for Hip Flexor Contracture......Page 280
Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length......Page 281
Diagnostic Utility of Pain with Functional Movements......Page 283
Diagnostic Utility of Pain with Palpation for Intra-articular Hip Pain......Page 284
Diagnostic Utility of Patrick’s (FABER) Test......Page 285
Combinations of Tests......Page 286
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Osteoarthritis......Page 287
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 290
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 294
Osteology......Page 296
Arthrology......Page 297
Ligaments......Page 298
Muscles......Page 300
Nerves......Page 303
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings......Page 306
Reliability of Assessing Subjective Questions in Patients with Osteoarthritis of Knee......Page 307
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Effusion, Meniscal Tears, and Medial Collateral Ligament Tears......Page 308
Screening......Page 309
Diagnostic Utility of the Ottawa Knee Rule for Radiography......Page 310
Diagnostic Utility of the Ballottement Test for Identifying Knee Joint Effusion......Page 311
Reliability of Range of Motion Measurements......Page 312
Reliability of Determining Capsular and Noncapsular End-Feels......Page 313
Reliability of Assessing Pain During Range of Motion......Page 314
Diagnostic Utility of Manual Muscle Testing for Detecting Strength Deficits......Page 315
Reliability of Assessing Muscle Length......Page 316
Reliability of the Assessing Patellar Orientation......Page 317
Reliability of Assessing Quadriceps Angle Measurements......Page 319
Reliability of the Lateral Pull Test to Assess Patellar Alignment......Page 322
Diagnostic Utility of Joint Line Tenderness......Page 323
Diagnostic Utility of the Lachman Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears......Page 324
Diagnostic Utility of the Pivot Shift Test in Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears......Page 325
Diagnostic Utility of Valgus Stress for Identifying Medial Collateral Ligament Tears......Page 327
Interventions......Page 328
Diagnostic Utility of History and Physical Examination Findings for Predicting Favorable Short-term Response to Hip Mobili .........Page 336
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 338
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 343
Arthrology......Page 346
Posterior Ankle......Page 351
Lateral Ankle......Page 352
Ligaments......Page 353
Plantar Foot......Page 355
Lateral Muscles of Leg......Page 356
Posterior Muscles of Leg......Page 358
Dorsum of Foot......Page 359
First Layer: Sole of Foot......Page 360
Second Layer: Sole of Foot......Page 361
Third Layer: Sole of Foot......Page 362
Deep Interosseous Muscles: Sole of Foot......Page 363
Nerves......Page 364
Initial Hypotheses Based on Historical Findings......Page 366
Evaluation Following Acute Ankle Trauma......Page 367
Diagnostic Utility of the Ottawa Ankle Rule for Radiography......Page 369
Reliability of Range of Motion Measurement of Calcaneal Position......Page 370
Diagnostic Utility of the Paper Grip Test for Detecting Toe Plantarflexion Strength Deficits......Page 372
Measurement of Navicular Height......Page 373
Assessment of Medial Arch Height......Page 374
Measuring Forefoot Position......Page 375
Reliability of Assessing Hindfoot Motion during Gait......Page 376
Accuracy of the Functional Hallux Limitus Test to Predict Abnormal Excessive Midtarsal Function During Gait......Page 378
Reliability of Measuring Ankle Joint Swelling......Page 379
Reliability of Assessing Protective Sensation......Page 380
Detecting Anterolateral Ankle Impingement......Page 381
Reliability of the Windlass Test......Page 382
Detecting Ligamentous Injury After Ankle Sprain......Page 383
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 384
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 388
Osteology......Page 390
Arthrology......Page 391
Scapulohumeral Rhythm......Page 392
Ligaments......Page 393
Posterior Muscles of Shoulder......Page 395
Anterior Muscles of Shoulder......Page 396
Rotator Cuff Muscles......Page 397
Nerves......Page 398
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History for Identifying Labrum and Rotator Cuff Tears......Page 400
Reliability of Range of Motion Measurements......Page 401
Reliability of Functional Range of Motion Tests......Page 402
Reliability of Assessing Proprioception......Page 403
Diagnostic Utility of Tight Pectoralis Minor in Identifying Shoulder Pain......Page 404
Diagnostic Utility of Palpation in Identifying Labral Tears......Page 405
Reliability of Assessing Scapular Asymmetry during Static and Dynamic Activity......Page 406
Reliability of Classifying Shoulder Disorders......Page 408
Reliability of Tests to Identify Shoulder Instability......Page 409
Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Drawer Test in Identifying Shoulder Instability......Page 410
Reliability of the Crank Test......Page 413
Diagnostic Utility of Speed’s Test in Identifying Superior Labrum Anterior Posterior Lesions......Page 414
Reliability of the Active Compression/O’Brien Test......Page 417
Diagnostic Utility of the Yergason Test in Identifying Labral Tears......Page 418
Diagnostic Utility of the Anterior Slide Test/Kibler Test in Identifying Labral Tears......Page 420
Reliability of Various Tests in Identifying Labral Tears......Page 421
Diagnostic Utility of Various Tests in Identifying Labral Tears......Page 422
Diagnostic Utility of Hawkins-Kennedy Test in Identifying Subacromial Impingement......Page 424
Diagnostic Utility of Internal Rotation Resistance Strength Test in Differentiating Subacromial Impingement versus Intra-a .........Page 425
Reliability of Special Tests for Identifying Supraspinatus and/or Infraspinatus Tears......Page 429
Diagnostic Utility of Combinations of Tests for Identifying Subacromial Impingement......Page 430
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 440
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 441
REFERENCES......Page 447
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 450
Osteology......Page 452
Arthrology......Page 453
Ligaments......Page 454
Initial Hypotheses Based on History......Page 456
Reliability of Elbow Flexion and Extension Measurements......Page 461
Reliability of Forearm Supination and Pronation Measurements......Page 462
Reliability of Grip Strength Testing in Patients with Lateral Epicondylalgia......Page 463
Indication of Bony or Joint Injury: Elbow Extension Test......Page 464
Detecting Cubital Tunnel Syndrome......Page 465
Detecting Medial Collateral Tears......Page 466
Interventions......Page 467
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 468
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 470
CLINICAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 472
Osteology......Page 474
Arthrology......Page 476
Palmar Ligaments of Wrist......Page 477
Posterior Ligaments of Wrist......Page 479
Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Ligaments......Page 480
Extensor of Wrist and Digits......Page 481
Flexors of Wrist and Digits......Page 482
Intrinsic Muscles of Hand......Page 484
Median Nerve......Page 486
Ulnar Nerve......Page 487
Radial Nerve......Page 488
Reliability of the Historical Examination......Page 489
Diagnostic Utility of the Patient History in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 490
Diagnostic Utility of Tests to Identify Scaphoid Fractures......Page 492
Acute Pediatric Wrist Fractures: Clinical Prediction Rule......Page 494
Reliability of Wrist Range of Motion Measurements......Page 495
Reliability of Finger and Thumb Range of Motion Measurements......Page 497
Intra-examiner Reliability of Assessing Strength......Page 498
Diagnostic Utility of Weakness in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 500
Diagnostic Utility of Wrist Anthropometry in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 501
Reliability of Assessing Swelling......Page 502
Diagnostic Utility of Diminished Sensation in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 503
Reliability of Tinel’s Sign......Page 505
Diagnostic Utility of Tinel’s Sign in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 506
Reliability of Phalen’s Test......Page 507
Diagnostic Utility of Phalen’s Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 508
Diagnostic Utility of Carpal Compression Test in Identifying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 509
Diagnostic Utility of Special Tests in Identifying Carpal Instability......Page 510
Diagnostic Utility of Miscellaneous Special Tests......Page 512
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Prediction Rule......Page 513
OUTCOME MEASURES......Page 514
Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies Using QUADAS......Page 515
REFERENCES......Page 517
A......Page 520
B......Page 523
C......Page 524
D......Page 529
E......Page 530
F......Page 532
G......Page 535
H......Page 536
I......Page 538
K......Page 540
L......Page 542
M......Page 545
N......Page 548
O......Page 549
P......Page 550
R......Page 555
S......Page 558
T......Page 565
U......Page 570
W......Page 571
Z......Page 572