Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective

Deborah Allen, Denise G. Anderson, and Sarah Salm - Nester\'s Microbiology_ A Human Perspective (2018) copy
	Cover
	Nester\'s Microbiology
	Brief Contents
	About the Authors
	Acknowledgments
	Contents
	PART I: Life and Death of Microorganisms
		1: Humans and the Microbial World
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			1.1 The Dispute over Spontaneous Generation
				Early Experiments
				Experiments of Pasteur
				Experiments of Tyndall
				The Golden Age of Microbiology
				The Scientific Method
			1.2 Microbiology: A Human Perspective
				The Human Microbiome
				Microorganisms in the Environment
				Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms
				Microbes as Research Tools
				Microbes and Disease
			1.3 Members of the Microbial World
				Scientific Names
				Bacteria
				Archaea
				Eukarya
				Acellular Infectious Agents
			FOCUS ON A CASE 1.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 1.1: Every Rule Has an Exception
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 1.1: Meet the Microbiomes!
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		2: The Molecules of Life
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			2.1 Elements and Atoms
				Atomic Structure
				Isotopes
				The Role of Electrons
			2.2 Chemical Bonds and Reactions
				Ions and Ionic Bonds
				Covalent Bonds
				Hydrogen Bonds
				Molarity
				Chemical Reactions
			2.3 Water, pH, and Buffers
				Water
				pH of Aqueous Solutions
				Buffers
			2.4 Organic Molecules
				Carbohydrates
				Lipids
				Proteins
				Nucleic Acids
			FOCUS ON A CASE 2.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 2.1: Right-Handed and Left-Handed Molecules
			Summary
			Review Questions
		3: Microscopy and Cell Structure
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			MICROSCOPY AND CELL MORPHOLOGY
			3.1 Microscopes
				Principles of Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes
				Light Microscopes That Increase Contrast
				Light Microscopes That Detect Fluorescence
				Electron Microscopes
				Scanning Probe Microscopes
			3.2 Preparing Specimens for Light Microscopy
				Simple Staining
				Differential Staining
				Special Stains to Observe Cell Structures
				Fluorescent Dyes and Tags
			3.3 Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
				Shapes
				Arrangements
				Multicellular Associations
			PROKARYOTIC CELLS
			3.4 The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic Cells
				Structure of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
				Permeability of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
				The Role of the Cytoplasmic Membrane in Energy Transformation
				Transport of Small Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane
				Protein Secretion
			3.5 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells
				Peptidoglycan
				The Gram-Positive Cell Wall
				The Gram-Negative Cell Wall
				Antibacterial Substances That Target Peptidoglycan
				Cell Wall Type and the Gram Stain
				Bacteria That Lack a Cell Wall
				Cell Walls of Archaea
			3.6 Structures Outside the Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells
				Capsules and Slime Layers
				Flagella
				Pili
			3.7 Internal Components of Prokaryotic Cells
				Chromosome and Plasmids
				Ribosomes
				Cytoskeleton
				Storage Granules
				Gas Vesicles
				Endospores
			EUKARYOTIC CELLS
			3.8 Cytoplasmic Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
				Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
				Transfer of Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane
			3.9 Protein Structures Within Eukaryotic Cells
				Ribosomes
				Cytoskeleton
				Flagella and Cilia
			3.10 Membrane-Bound Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
				Nucleus
				Mitochondria
				Chloroplasts
				Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
				Golgi Apparatus
				Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
			FOCUS ON A CASE 3.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 3.1: Pathogens Hijacking Actin
			Summary
			Review Questions
		4: Dynamics of Microbial Growth
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			4.1 Principles of Microbial Growth
			4.2 Microbial Growth in Nature
				Biofilms
				Interactions of Mixed Microbial Communities
			4.3 Microbial Growth in Laboratory Conditions
				Obtaining a Pure Culture
				The Growth Curve
				Colony Growth
				Continuous Culture
			4.4 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
				Temperature Requirements
				Oxygen (O2) Requirements
				pH
				Water Availability
			4.5 Nutritional Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
				Required Elements
				Growth Factors
				Energy Sources
				Nutritional Diversity
			4.6 Cultivating Microorganisms in the Laboratory
				General Categories of Culture Media
				Special Types of Culture Media
				Providing Appropriate Atmospheric Conditions
				Enrichment Cultures
			4.7 Methods to Detect and Measure Microbial Growth
				Direct Cell Counts
				Viable Cell Counts
				Measuring Biomass
				Detecting Cell Products
			FOCUS ON A CASE 4.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 4.1: Can Microorganisms Live on Only Rocks and Water?
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 4.1: Seeing How the Other 99% Lives
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		5: Control of Microbial Growth
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			5.1 Approaches to Control
				Principles of Control
				Situational Considerations
			5.2 Selecting an Antimicrobial Procedure
				Type of Microbes
				Number of Microorganisms
				Environmental Conditions
				Risk for Infection
				Composition of the Item
			5.3 Using Heat to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses
				Moist Heat
				Dry Heat
			5.4 Using Other Physical Methods to Remove or Destroy Microbes
				Filtration
				Irradiation
				High Pressure
			5.5 Using Chemicals to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses
				Effectiveness of Germicidal Chemicals
				Selecting the Appropriate Germicidal Chemical
				Classes of Germicidal Chemicals
			5.6 Preservation of Perishable Products
				Chemical Preservatives
				Low-Temperature Storage
				Reducing the Available Water
			FOCUS ON A CASE 5.1
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 5.1: Too Much of a Good Thing?
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		6: Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			6.1 Principles of Microbial Metabolism
				Energy
				Components of Metabolic Pathways
				Precursor Metabolites
				Overview of Catabolism
			6.2 Enzymes
				Mechanisms and Consequences of Enzyme Action
				Cofactors
				Environmental Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
				Allosteric Regulation
				Enzyme Inhibition
			6.3 The Central Metabolic Pathways
				Glycolysis
				Pentose Phosphate Pathway
				Transition Step
				Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
			6.4 Cellular Respiration
				The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)ÑGenerating a Proton Motive Force
				ATP SynthaseÑUsing the Proton Motive Force to Synthesize ATP
				ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes
			6.5 Fermentation
			6.6 Catabolism of Organic Compounds Other Than Glucose
				Polysaccharides and Disaccharides
				Lipids
				Proteins
			6.7 Chemolithotrophs
			6.8 Photosynthesis
				Capturing Radiant Energy
				Converting Radiant Energy into Chemical Energy
			6.9 Carbon Fixation
				Calvin Cycle
			6.10 Anabolic PathwaysÑSynthesizing Subunits from Precursor Molecules
				Lipid Synthesis
				Amino Acid Synthesis
				Nucleotide Synthesis
			FOCUS ON A CASE 6.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 6.1: Mining with Microbes
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 6.1: Fueling the Future
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			7.1 Overview
				Characteristics of DNA
				Characteristics of RNA
				Regulating Gene Expression
			7.2 DNA Replication
				Initiation of DNA Replication
				The Process of DNA Replication
			7.3 Gene Expression in Bacteria
				Transcription
				Translation
			7.4 Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Gene Expression
			7.5 Sensing and Responding to Environmental Fluctuations
				Signal Transduction
				Natural Selection
			7.6 Bacterial Gene Regulation
				Mechanisms to Control Transcription
				The lac Operon as a Model
			7.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
			7.8 Genomics
				Analyzing a Prokaryotic DNA Sequence
				Metagenomics
			FOCUS ON A CASE 7.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 7.1: RNA: The First Macromolecule?
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 7.1: Gems in the Genomes?
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		8: Bacterial Genetics
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			8.1 Genetic Change in Bacteria
			MUTATION AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE
			8.2 Spontaneous Mutations
				Base Substitution
				Deletion or Addition of Nucleotides
				Transposons (Jumping Genes)
			8.3 Induced Mutations
				Chemical Mutagens
				Transposition
				Radiation
			8.4 Repair of Damaged DNA
				Repair of Errors in Nucleotide Incorporation
				Repair of Modified Nucleobases in DNA
				Repair of Thymine Dimers
				SOS Repair
			8.5 Mutant Selection
				Direct Selection
				Indirect Selection
				Screening for Possible Carcinogens
			HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE
			8.6 DNA-Mediated Transformation
				Competence
				The Process of Transformation
			8.7 Transduction
			8.8 Conjugation
				Plasmid Transfer
				Chromosome Transfer
				F′ Donors
			8.9 The Mobile Gene Pool
				Plasmids
				Transposons
				Genomic Islands
				Phage DNA
			8.10 Bacterial Defenses Against Invading DNA
				Restriction-Modification Systems
				CRISPR Systems
			FOCUS ON A CASE 8.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.1: The Biological Function of DNA: A Discovery Ahead of Its Time
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.2: Bacteria Can Conjugate with Plants: A Natural Case of Genetic Engineering
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		9: Biotechnology
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			9.1 Fundamental Tools Used in Biotechnology
				Restriction Enzymes
				DNA Gel Electrophoresis
				CRISPR/Cas9
			9.2 Genetic Engineering
				Genetically Engineered Bacteria
				Genetically Engineered Eukaryotes
				Techniques Used to Clone DNA
				Concerns Regarding Genetic Engineering
			9.3 DNA Sequencing
				DNA Sequencing Methods
			9.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
				Variations of Conventional PCR
				PCR Methods
			9.5 Probe Technologies
				Colony Blotting
				Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
				DNA Microarrays
			FOCUS ON A CASE 9.1
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 9.1: Precision Medicine
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
	PART II: The Microbial World
		10: Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			10.1 Principles of Taxonomy
				Strategies Used to Identify Microorganisms
				Strategies Used to Classify Microorganisms
				Nomenclature
			10.2 Identification Methods Based on Phenotype
				Microscopic Morphology
				Culture Characteristics
				Metabolic Capabilities
				Serological Testing
				Protein Profile
			10.3 Identification Methods Based on Genotype
				Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences
				Sequencing Ribosomal RNA Genes
			10.4 Characterizing Strain Differences
				Biochemical Typing
				Serological Typing
				Molecular Typing
				Phage Typing
				Antibiograms
			10.5 Classifying Microorganisms
				Sequence Analysis of Ribosomal Components
				DNA Hybridization
				G + C Content
				Phenotypic Methods
			FOCUS ON A CASE 10.1
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 10.1: Pushing the Limits of MALDI-TOF MS
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		11: The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			METABOLIC DIVERSITY
			11.1 Anaerobic Chemotrophs
				Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs
				Anaerobic ChemoorganotrophsÑAnaerobic Respiration
				Anaerobic ChemoorganotrophsÑFermentation
			11.2 Anoxygenic Phototrophs
				Purple Bacteria
				Green Bacteria
				Other Anoxygenic Phototrophs
			11.3 Oxygenic Phototrophs
				Cyanobacteria
			11.4 Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
				Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
				Nitrifiers
				Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria
			11.5 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
				Obligate Aerobes
				Facultative Anaerobes
			ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
			11.6 Thriving in Terrestrial Environments
				Bacteria That Form a Resting Stage
				Bacteria That Associate with Plants
			11.7 Thriving in Aquatic Environments
				Sheathed Bacteria
				Prosthecate Bacteria
				Bacteria That Derive Nutrients from Other Organisms
				Bacteria That Move by Unusual Mechanisms
				Bacteria That Form Storage Granules
			11.8 Animals as Habitats
				Bacteria That Inhabit the Skin
				Bacteria That Inhabit Mucous Membranes
				Obligate Intracellular Parasites
			11.9 Archaea That Thrive in Extreme Conditions
				Extreme Halophiles
				Extreme Thermophiles
			FOCUS ON A CASE 11.1
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 11.1: Astrobiology: Searching for Life Beyond Earth
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		12: The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			12.1 Fungi
				Types of Fungi
				Structure of Fungi
				Fungal Habitats
				Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
				Reproduction in Fungi
				Economic Importance of Fungi
				Medical Importance of Fungi
			12.2 Algae
				Types of Algae
				Structure of Algae
				Algal Habitats
				Algal Reproduction
				Medical Importance of Algae
			12.3 Protozoa
				Types of Protozoa
				Structure of Protozoa
				Protozoan Habitats
				Protozoan Reproduction
				Medical Importance of Protozoa
			12.4 Slime Molds and Water Molds
				Slime Molds
				Water Molds
			12.5 Multicellular Parasites: Helminths
				Life Cycles and Transmission of Helminths
				Roundworms (Nematodes)
				Tapeworms (Cestodes)
				Flukes (Trematodes)
			12.6 Arthropods
			FOCUS ON A CASE 12.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 12.1: What Causes River Blindness?
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			13.1 General Characteristics of Viruses
				Viral Architecture
				Viral Taxonomy
			13.2 Bacteriophages
				Lytic Phage Infections: T4 Phage as a Model
				Temperate Phage Infections: Lambda Phage as a Model
				Filamentous Phage Infections: M13 Phage as a Model
			13.3 The Roles of Bacteriophages in Horizontal Gene Transfer
				Generalized Transduction
				Specialized Transduction
			13.4 Methods Used to Study Bacteriophages
			13.5 Animal Virus Replication
				Attachment
				Penetration and Uncoating
				Synthesis of Viral Proteins and Replication of the Genome
				Assembly and Maturation
				Release
			13.6 Categories of Animal Virus Infections
				Acute Infections
				Persistent Infections
			13.7 Viruses and Human Tumors
			13.8 Cultivating and Quantitating Animal Viruses
				Cultivating Animal Viruses
				Quantitating Animal Viruses
			13.9 Plant Viruses
			13.10 Other Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions
				Viroids
				Prions
			FOCUS ON A CASE 13.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 13.1: Microbe Mimicker
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
	PART III: Microorganisms and Humans
		14: The Innate Immune Response
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			14.1 Overview of the Innate  Immune Defenses
			14.2 First-Line Defenses
				Physical Barriers
				Antimicrobial Substances
				Normal Microbiota (Flora)
			14.3 The Cells of the Immune System
				Granulocytes
				Mononuclear Phagocytes
				Dendritic Cells
				Lymphocytes
			14.4 Cell Communication
				Surface Receptors
				Cytokines
				Adhesion Molecules
			14.5 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
				Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that Monitor a CellÕs Surroundings
				Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor Material Ingested by a Cell
				Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a CellÕs Cytoplasm
				An Outcome of Cytoplasmic Pattern Recognition: The Interferon Response
			14.6 The Complement System
				Complement System Activation
				Effector Functions of the Complement System
				Regulation of the Complement System
			14.7 Phagocytosis
				The Process of Phagocytosis
				Characteristics of Macrophages
				Characteristics of Neutrophils
			14.8 The Inflammatory Response
				Factors That Trigger an Inflammatory Response
				The Inflammatory Process
				Damaging Effects of Inflammation
				Cell Death and the Inflammatory Response
			14.9 Fever
			FOCUS ON A CASE 14.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 14.1: For Schistosoma, the Inflammatory Response Delivers
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		15: The Adaptive Immune Response
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			15.1 Overview of the Adaptive Immune Response
				Humoral Immunity
				Cell-Mediated Immunity
			15.2 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
				Lymphatic Vessels
				Secondary Lymphoid Organs
				Primary Lymphoid Organs
			15.3 The Nature of Antigens
			15.4 The Nature of Antibodies
				Structure and Properties of Antibodies
				Protective Outcomes of Antibody-Antigen Binding
				Immunoglobulin Classes
			15.5 Clonal Selection and Expansion of Lymphocytes
			15.6 The B-Cell Response: Humoral Immunity
				B-Cell Activation
				Characteristics of the Primary Response
				Characteristics of the Secondary Response
				The Response to T-Independent Antigens
			15.7 The T-Cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity
				General Characteristics of T Cells
				Activation of T Cells
				Effector Functions of TC (CD8) Cells
				Effector Functions of TH (CD4) Cells
			15.8 Natural Killer (NK) Cells
			15.9 Lymphocyte Development
				Generation of Diversity
				Negative Selection of Self-Reactive B Cells
				Positive and Negative Selection of Self-Reactive T Cells
			FOCUS ON A CASE 15.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 15.1: What Flavors Are Your Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules?
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		16: Host-Microbe Interactions
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			MICROBES, HEALTH, AND DISEASE
			16.1 The Anatomical Barriers as Ecosystems
			16.2 The Human Microbiome
				Composition of the Microbiome
				Beneficial Roles of the Human Microbiome
			16.3 Principles of Infectious Disease
				Pathogenicity
				Characteristics of Infectious Disease
			16.4 Determining the Cause of an Infectious Disease
				KochÕs Postulates
				Molecular KochÕs Postulates
			MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS
			16.5 Establishing Infection
				Adherence
				Colonization
				Delivering Effector Proteins to Host Cells
			16.6 InvasionÑBreaching the Anatomical Barriers
				Penetrating the Skin
				Penetrating Mucous Membranes
			16.7 Avoiding the Host Defenses
				Hiding Within a Host Cell
				Avoiding Destruction by Phagocytes
				Avoiding Killing by Complement System Proteins
				Avoiding Recognition by Antibodies
			16.8 Damage to the Host
				Exotoxins
				Endotoxin and Other Bacterial Cell Wall Components
				Damaging Effects of the Immune Response
			16.9 Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis
				Binding to Host Cells and Invasion
				Avoiding Immune Responses
				Damage to the Host
			16.10 Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Pathogenesis
				Fungi
				Protozoa and Helminths
			FOCUS ON A CASE 16.1
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 16.1: The Potential of Probiotics
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		17: Immunological Disorders
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			17.1 Hypersensitivities
				Type I Hypersensitivities: Immediate IgE-Mediated
				Type II Hypersensitivities: Cytotoxic
				Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex_Mediated
				Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed-Type Cell-Mediated
			17.2 Autoimmune Disease
				The Range of Autoimmune Diseases
				Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
			17.3 Immunodeficiency Disorders
				Primary Immunodeficiencies
				Secondary Immunodeficiencies
			FOCUS ON A CASE 17.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 17.1: The Fetus as an Allograft
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		18: Applications of Immune Responses
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			IMMUNIZATION
			18.1 Principles of Immunization
				Active Immunity
				Passive Immunity
			18.2 Vaccines and Immunization Procedures
				Attenuated Vaccines
				Inactivated Vaccines
				The Importance of Vaccines
				An Example of Vaccination StrategyÑThe Campaign to Eliminate Poliomyelitis
			IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTING
			18.3 Principles of Immunoassays
				Quantifying Antigen-Antibody Reactions
				Obtaining Known Antibodies
			18.4 Common Types of Immunoassays
				Immunoassays That Use Labeled Antibodies
				Immunoassays That Involve Visible Antigen-Antibody Aggregates
			FOCUS ON A CASE 18.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 18.1: Monoclonal Antibodies
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 18.1: Conquering Cancer
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		19: Epidemiology
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			19.1 Basic Concepts of Epidemiology
			19.2 Chain of Infection
				Reservoirs of Infection
				Portals of Exit
				Disease Transmission
				Portals of Entry
			19.3 Factors That Influence the Epidemiology of Disease
				Characteristics of the Pathogen
				Characteristics of the Host
				Characteristics of the Environment
			19.4 Epidemiological Studies
				Descriptive Studies
				Analytical Studies
				Experimental Studies
			19.5 Infectious Disease Surveillance
				National Disease Surveillance Network
				Worldwide Disease Surveillance
				Reduction and Eradication of Disease
			19.6 Emerging Infectious Diseases
			19.7 Healthcare-Associated Infections
				Reservoirs of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
				Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
				Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections
			FOCUS ON A CASE 19.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 19.1: Standard PrecautionsÑProtecting Patients and Healthcare Personnel
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 19.1: Maintaining Vigilance Against Bioterrorism
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		20: Antimicrobial Medications
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			20.1 History and Development of Antimicrobial Medications
				Discovery of Antimicrobial Medications
				Discovery of Antibiotics
				Development of New Antimicrobial Medications
			20.2 Characteristics of Antimicrobial Medications
				Selective Toxicity
				Antimicrobial Action
				Spectrum of Activity
				Effects of Antimicrobial Combinations
				Tissue Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Medication
				Adverse Effects
				Resistance to Antimicrobials
			20.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Medications
				Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
				Inhibit Protein Synthesis
				Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
				Interfere with Metabolic Pathways
				Interfere with Cell Membrane Integrity
				Effective Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			20.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
				Conventional Disc Diffusion Method
				Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MIC and MBC)
				Commercial Modifications of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			20.5 Resistance to Antimicrobial Medications
				Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance
				Acquisition of Resistance
				Examples of Emerging Resistance
				Preventing Resistance
			20.6 Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Medications
				Prevent Viral Entry
				Interfere with Viral Uncoating
				Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
				Prevent Genome Integration
				Prevent Assembly and Release of Viral Particles
			20.7 Mechanisms of Action of Antifungal Medications
				Interfere with Cytoplasmic Membrane Synthesis and Function
				Interfere with Cell Wall Synthesis
				Interfere with Cell Division
				Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
				Interfere with Protein Synthesis
			20.8 Mechanisms of Action of Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Medications
			FOCUS ON A CASE 20.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 20.1: Measuring the Concentration of an Antimicrobial Medication in Blood or Other Body Fluids
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 20.1: Combating Antibiotic Resistance
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
	PART IV: Infectious Diseases
		21: Respiratory System Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			21.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Respiratory System
				The Upper Respiratory Tract
				The Lower Respiratory Tract
			UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
			21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory System
				Pink Eye, Earache, and Sinus Infections
				Streptococcal Pharyngitis (ÒStrep ThroatÓ)
				Post-Streptococcal Sequelae
				Diphtheria
			21.3 Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory System
				The Common Cold
				Adenovirus Respiratory Tract Infections
			LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
			FOCUS ON Pneumonia
			21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory System
				Pneumococcal Pneumonia
				Klebsiella Pneumonia
				Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (ÒWalking PneumoniaÓ)
				Pertussis (ÒWhooping CoughÓ)
				Tuberculosis (ÒTBÓ)
				Legionellosis (ÒLegionnairesÕ DiseaseÓ)
				Inhalation Anthrax
			21.5 Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory System
				Influenza (ÒFluÓ)
				Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections
				Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
				SARS and MERS
			21.6 Fungal Infections of the Lung
				Coccidioidomycosis (ÒValley FeverÓ)
				Histoplasmosis (ÒSpelunkerÕs DiseaseÓ)
				Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
			FOCUS ON A CASE 21.1
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		22: Skin Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			22.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Skin
			22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
				Acne Vulgaris
				Hair Follicle Infections
				Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
				Impetigo
				Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
				Cutaneous Anthrax
			22.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin
				Varicella (Chickenpox)
				Rubeola (Measles)
				Rubella (German Measles)
				Other Viral Rashes of Childhood
				Warts
			22.4 Fungal Diseases of the Skin
				Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses
				Other Fungal Diseases
			FOCUS ON A CASE 22.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 22.1: The Ghost of Smallpox: An Evil Shade
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		23: Wound Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			23.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Wounds
				Wound Abscesses
				Anaerobic Wounds
			23.2 Common Bacterial Infections of Wounds
				Staphylococcal Wound Infections
				Group A Streptococcal ÒFlesh-Eating DiseaseÓ
				Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
			23.3 Diseases Due to Anaerobic Bacterial Wound Infections
				Tetanus (ÒLockjawÓ)
				Clostridial Myonecrosis (ÒGas GangreneÓ)
			23.4 Bacterial Infections of Bite Wounds
				Human Bites
				Pasteurella multocida Bite Wound Infections
				Bartonellosis (ÒCat Scratch DiseaseÓ)
				Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever
			23.5 Fungal Wound Infections
				Sporotrichosis (ÒRose GardenerÕs DiseaseÓ)
			FOCUS ON A CASE 23.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 23.1: Infection Caused by a Human ÒBiteÓ
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		24: Digestive System Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			24.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Digestive System
				The Upper Digestive System
				The Lower Digestive System
			UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS
			24.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive System
				Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
				Periodontal Disease
				Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
				Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
			24.3 Viral Diseases of the Upper Digestive System
				Oral Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)
				Mumps
			LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS
			FOCUS ON DIARRHEAL DISEASES
			24.4 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
				Cholera
				Shigellosis
				Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
				Salmonella Gastroenteritis
				Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers
				Campylobacteriosis
				Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI)
			24.5 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive SystemÑIntestinal Tract
				Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
				Norovirus Gastroenteritis
			24.6 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive SystemÑLiver
				Hepatitis A
				Hepatitis B
				Hepatitis C
			24.7 Protozoan Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
				Giardiasis
				Cryptosporidiosis (ÒCryptoÓ)
				Cyclosporiasis
				Amebiasis
			FOCUS ON A CASE 24.1
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		25: Blood and Lymphatic Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			25.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
				The Heart
				Blood Vessels
				Lymphatics (Lymphatic Vessels)
				Spleen
			25.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
				Infective Endocarditis
				Sepsis and Septic Shock
				Plague (ÒBlack DeathÓ)
				Lyme Disease
				Vibrio vulnificus Infection
				Tularemia (ÒRabbit FeverÓ or ÒDeer Fly FeverÓ)
				Brucellosis (ÒUndulant FeverÓ or ÒBangÕs DiseaseÓ)
			25.3 Viral Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
				Infectious Mononucleosis (ÒMonoÓ or ÒKissing DiseaseÓ)
				Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)
				Yellow Fever
				Dengue Fever
				Chikungunya
				Zika Virus Disease
			25.4 Protozoan Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
				Malaria
			FOCUS ON A CASE 25.1
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		26: Nervous System Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			26.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Nervous System
			CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
			FOCUS ON Meningitis
			26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System
				Pneumococcal Meningitis
				Meningococcal Meningitis
				Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
				Neonatal Meningitis
				Listeriosis
			26.3 Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System
				Viral Meningitis
				Viral Encephalitis
				Poliomyelitis
				Rabies
			26.4 Fungal Diseases of the Central Nervous System
				Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis
			26.5 Protozoan Diseases of the Central Nervous System
				African Trypanosomiasis (ÒAfrican Sleeping SicknessÓ)
				Toxoplasmosis
				Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
			26.6 Diseases Caused by Prions
				Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans
			PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
			26.7 Bacterial Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
				HansenÕs Disease (Leprosy)
				Botulism
			FOCUS ON A CASE 26.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 26.1: Rabies Survivors!
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		27: Genitourinary Tract Infections
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			27.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Genitourinary System
				The Urinary System
				The Genital System
			27.2 Urinary Tract Infections
				Bacterial Cystitis (ÒBladder InfectionÓ)
				Leptospirosis
			27.3 Genital System Diseases
				Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
				Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC)
				Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
			SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
			FOCUS ON Sexually Transmitted infections
			27.4 Bacterial STIs
				Chlamydial Infections
				Gonorrhea
				Mycoplasma genitalium Infections
				Syphilis
				Chancroid
			27.5 Viral STIs
				Genital Herpes
				Human Papillomavirus STIs: Genital Warts and Cervical Cancer
				HIV/AIDS
			27.6 Protozoan STIs
				Trichomoniasis (ÒTrichÓ)
			FOCUS ON A CASE 27.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 27.1: The Death of Syphilis?
			FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 27.1: Getting Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
	PART V Applied MicrobioloÕgy
		28: Microbial Ecology
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			28.1 Principles of Microbial Ecology
				Nutrient Acquisition
				Microbes in Low-Nutrient Environments
				Microbial Competition
				Microorganisms and Environmental Changes
				Microbial Communities
			28.2 Studying Microbial Ecology
			28.3 Aquatic Habitats
				Marine Environments
				Freshwater Environments
				Specialized Aquatic Environments
			28.4 Terrestrial Habitats
				Characteristics of Soil
				Microorganisms in Soil
			28.5 Biogeochemical Cycling and Energy Flow
				Carbon Cycle
				Nitrogen Cycle
				Sulfur Cycle
				Phosphorus Cycle and Other Cycles
				Energy Sources for Ecosystems
			28.6 Mutualistic Relationships Between Microorganisms and Eukaryotes
				Mycorrhizas
				Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixers and Plants
				Microorganisms and Herbivores
			FOCUS ON A CASE 28.1
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		29: Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			29.1 Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment
				Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
				Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods
				Individual Wastewater Treatment Systems
			29.2 Drinking Water Treatment and Testing
				Water Treatment Processes
				Water Testing
			29.3 Microbiology of Solid Waste Treatment
				Sanitary Landfills for Solid Waste Disposal
				Municipal and Backyard CompostingÑAlternative to Landfills
			29.4 Microbiology of Bioremediation
				Pollutants
				Strategies of Bioremediation
			FOCUS ON A CASE 29.1
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
		30: Food Microbiology
			A Glimpse of History
			Key Terms
			30.1 Factors Influencing the Growth of Microorganisms in Foods
				Intrinsic Factors
				Extrinsic Factors
			30.2 Microorganisms in Food and Beverage Production
				Lactic Acid Fermentations by the Lactic Acid Bacteria
				Alcoholic Fermentations by Yeast
				Changes Due to Mold Growth
			30.3 Food Spoilage
				Common Spoilage Bacteria
				Common Spoilage Fungi
			30.4 Foodborne Illness
				Foodborne Intoxication
				Foodborne Infection
			30.5 Food Preservation
			FOCUS ON A CASE 30.1
			FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 30.1: Botox for Beauty and Pain Relief
			SUMMARY
			REVIEW QUESTIONS
	Appendix I: Microbial Mathematics
	Appendix II:Pronunciation Key for Bacterial, Fungal,Protozoan, and Viral Names
	Appendix III: Metabolic Pathways
	Appendix IV: Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
	Appendix VMicrobial Terminology
	Glossary/Index
David Icke - Perceptions of a Renegade Mind-David Icke Books (2021)_compressed
	Copyright
	Title Page
	Dedication
	Contents
	Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
	Chapter 2: Renegade perception
	Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
	Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
	Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
	Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
	Chapter 7: War on your mind
	Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
	Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
	Chapter 10: Human 2.0
	Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
	Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
	Postscript
	Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
	Bibliography
	Index