Neoplastic gastrointestinal pathology : an illustrated guide

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to Diagnosis and Reporting of Gastrointestinal Tract Neoplasia
	Introduction
	Key Terminology
		Neoplasia
		Dysplasia
		Carcinoma In Situ and Intramucosal Carcinoma
		Submucosally Invasive Carcinoma
	Grading and Staging of Gastrointestinal Malignancies
		Tumor Grading
		Tumor Staging
	Synoptic Versus Narrative Reporting
	Prognostic and Predictive Markers
		Prognostic Markers
		Predictive Markers
	Screening and Surveillance
		Screening
		Surveillance
	General Approach to the Biopsy Specimen
	General Approach to the Resection Specimen
	Selected References
		Key Terminology
		Grading and Staging of Gastrointestinal Malignancies
		Synoptic Versus Narrative Reporting
		Prognostic and Predictive Markers
		Screening and Surveillance
Chapter 2: Approach to Epithelial Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Subtypes of Epithelial Neoplasms
		Mixed Carcinoma of the Stomach
		Adenosquamous Carcinoma
		Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma (MANEC)
	Determination of Malignancy
	Primary Versus Metastatic Epithelial Malignancy
	Diagnostic Pitfalls
		Endometriosis/Endosalpingiosis
		Ectopic Pancreas
		Prolapse Change or Misplaced Epithelium
		Signet Ring Cells and Pseudo-Signet Ring Cells
	Differential Diagnosis of Epithelial Neoplasms
	General Approach to the Diagnosis of Epithelial Neoplasms
		Dyscohesive Tumors
		Cohesive Tumors
	Illustrative Examples
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
	Selected References
		Epidemiology
		Subtypes of Epithelial Neoplasms
		Primary Versus Metastatic Malignancy
		Diagnostic Pitfalls
		Differential Diagnosis of Epithelial Neoplasms
Chapter 3: Approach to Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
	Introduction
	Historical Perspective
	Hormone Production in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
	General Features of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors
	General Features of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
	Epidemiology
	Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Williams and Sandler Classification
		Soga and Tazawa Classification
	WHO 2010 Classification of Gastroenteropancreatic  Neuroendocrine Epithelial Neoplasms
	Features of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Anatomic Site
		Esophagus
		Stomach
		Duodenum
		Jejunum and Ileum
		Appendix
		Colorectum
	Clinical Significance of Recognizing Neuroendocrine Epithelial Neoplasms
	Differential Diagnosis
	General Approach to Diagnosis and Reporting of Primary Neuroendocrine Tumors
	Approach to Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors of Unknown Origin
	General Approach to Diagnosis and Reporting of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
	Specific Illustrative Examples
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
	Selected References
		Historical Perspectives
		Epidemiology
		Classifications
		Clinicopathologic Features of Neuroendocrine Tumors by Anatomic Site
		Clinical Significance of Recognizing Neuroendocrine Epithelial Neoplasms
		Approach to Diagnosis and Reporting of Primary Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Approach to Diagnosis and Reporting
Chapter 4: General Approach to Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Introduction
	Basics of Lymphoid Antigens
		B Lymphocytes
		T Lymphocytes
	Unique Features of Gastrointestinal Lymphoid Tissue
	General Principles of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma Diagnosis
	Common Lymphomas Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
		Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
		MALT Lymphoma
		Follicular Lymphoma
		Mantle Cell Lymphoma
		Burkitt Lymphoma
		T Cell Lymphomas
	General Approach to Lymphoma Diagnosis in the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Specific Illustrative Examples
		Lymphoid Tissue in the Terminal Ileum and Right Colon
		Gastritis Versus MALT Lymphoma
	Selected References
		General
		B Cell Lymphomas
		T Cell Lymphomas
Chapter 5: Approach to Mesenchymal Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	Introduction
	General Approach to Specimen Evaluation and Diagnosis
		Clinical Evaluation
		Gross Evaluation
		Intraoperative Evaluation
		Histologic Evaluation
		Immunohistochemical Evaluation
		Other Markers
		Molecular Evaluation
		Diagnostic Pitfalls
	Common Mesenchymal Tumors of the GI Tract
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
		Leiomyoma
		Schwannoma
	Benign Neural Polyps
		Granular Cell Tumor
		Ganglioneuroma/Ganglioneuromatosis
		Mucosal Schwann Cell Hamartoma
		Perineurioma
		Desmoid Tumor (Intra-Abdominal Desmoid Fibromatosis)
	Less Common/Rare Mesenchymal Tumors of the GI Tract
		Glomus Tumor
		Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
		Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
		PEComa
		Plexiform Fibromyxoma (Plexiform Angiomyxoid Myofibroblastic Tumor of Stomach)
		Gangliocytic Paraganglioma
		Leiomyosarcoma
	Specific Illustrative Examples
		Case 1
		Case 2
	Selected References
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
		Immunohistochemistry
		Molecular Evaluation
		Smooth Muscle Tumors
		Schwannoma
		Benign Neural Polyps
		Desmoid Tumors
		Glomus Tumor
		Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
		Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
		PEComa
		Plexiform Fibromyxoma
		Gangliocytic Paraganglioma
		Others
Chapter 6: Approach to Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
	Introduction
	Adenomatous Polyposes
		Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
		MUYTH-Associated Polyposis
		Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer)
	Hamartomatous Polyposes
		Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
		Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
		PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
	Summary and Conclusions
	Specific Illustrative Examples
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
	Selected References
		General
		Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Related Syndromes
		MUYTH-Associated Polyposis
		Lynch Syndrome
		Hamartomatous Polyposes
Chapter 7: Neoplasms of the Esophagus
	Introduction
	Inflammatory and Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Glycogenic Acanthosis
		Squamous Papilloma
		Inflammatory-Type Polyp
		Esophageal Heterotopias
	Epithelial Neoplasms
		Squamous Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Adenocarcinoma, Dysplasia, and Barrett Esophagus
		Less Common Types of Esophageal Carcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Esophagus
	Grading and Staging of Esophageal Carcinoma
	Mesenchymal Tumors of the Esophagus
		Granular Cell Tumor
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
		Leiomyoma and Leiomyomatosis
		Leiomyosarcoma
		Giant Fibrovascular Polyp
	Other Esophageal Neoplasms
		Pyloric Gland Adenoma
		Metastases to the Esophagus
		Malignant Melanoma
	Selected References
		General
		Inflammatory and Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Squamous Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Adenocarcinoma, Glandular Dysplasia, and Barrett Esophagus
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Mesenchymal Tumors
		Miscellaneous Other Tumors
Chatper 8: Neoplasms of the Stomach
	Introduction
	Inflammatory and Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Inflammatory Polyos
		Hyperplastic Polyps
		Gastric Mucosal Prolapse Polyps
		Heterotopic Pancreas/Adenomyoma
		Diagnostic Challenges
	Epithelial Neoplasms
		Hamartomatous Polyps
		Fundic Gland Polyps
		Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
		Juvenile Polyps
		Cronkhite–Canada Syndrome
	Gastric Dysplasia
		Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Challenges
	Other Epithelial Polyps
		Pyloric Gland Adenomas
		Differential Diagnosis
		Oxyntic Gland Polyp/Adenoma
	Adenocarcinoma
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
	Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer and Other Genetic Associations
		Ancillary Studies
		HER2
		Management and Prognosis
		Grading and Staging
		Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Challenges
		Metastases to the Stomach
	Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Terminology
		Epidemiology and Demographics
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Grading and Staging
		Differential Diagnosis
	Mesenchymal Neoplasms
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
		Pathologic Features
		Ancillary Studies
		Grading, Risk Stratification, and Prognosis
		Differential Diagnosis
		Schwannoma
		Glomus Tumor
		Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
		Plexiform Fibromyxoma (Plexiform Angiomyxoid Myofibroblastic Tumor of Stomach)
	Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
		MALT Lymphoma
		Pathologic Findings
		Ancillary Studies
		Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Challenges
		Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
	Selected References
		General
		Inflammatory Polyps, Hyperplastic Polyps, and Non-neoplastic Lesions
		Hamartomatous Polyps
		Gastric Adenomas and Flat Dysplasia
		Pyloric Gland Adenoma
		Oxyntic Gland Polyp/Adenoma
		Adenocarcinoma
		Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer
		Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (See Also Chapter 3)
		Mesenchymal Neoplasms (See Also Chapter 5)
		Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
Chapter 9: Neoplasms of the Small Intestine
	Introduction
	Inflammatory and Non-Neoplastic Lesions
	Hamartomatous Polyps
	Adenomatous Polyps
	Adenocarcinoma
		Epidemiology
		Clinical and Prognostic Features
		Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
		Ancillary Studies
		Diagnostic Challenges
		Grading and Staging
	Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Epidemiology and Clinicopathologic Features
		Molecular Features
		Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
		Diagnostic Challenges
		Grading and Staging
	Mesenchymal Tumors
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
		Smooth Muscle Tumors
		Fibroblastic Tumors
		Lipomatous Lesions
		Vascular Tumors
		Gastrointestinal Clear Cell Sarcoma
	Hematolymphoid Tumors
		Overview
		Enteropathy-Associated T Cell Lymphoma (EATL)
		Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma (ENKTL), Nasal Type
		Follicular Lymphoma (FL)
		Burkitt Lymphoma (BL)
	Metastases to the Small Bowel
	Selected References
		General
		Reactive/Benign Lesions
		Hamartomatous Polyp Syndromes
		Adenomatous Polyps
		Adenocarcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Mesenchymal Tumors
		Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
		Metastases
Chapter 10: Neoplasms of the Appendix
	Introduction
	Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Appendix
		Overview
		Enterochromaffin (EC) Cell Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Enteroglucagon (L) Cell Endocrine Tumors
		Pathologic Reporting of Appendiceal Endocrine Tumors
		Biologic Behavior and Management
	Mucinous Neoplasms of the Appendix and Peritoneum
		Overview
		Mucinous Adenoma and Mucinous Cystadenoma
		Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm
		Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
		Ancillary Studies
		Differential Diagnosis of Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms
	Nonmucinous Appendiceal Neoplasms
		Overview
		Colonic-Type Adenomas of the Appendix
		Serrated Lesions of the Appendix
		Goblet Cell Carcinoid Tumor
	Summary and Conclusions
	Selected References
		General
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Mucinous Tumors
		Nonmucinous Tumors
Chapter 11: Neoplasms of the Colon
	Introduction
	Inflammatory and Non-Neoplastic Lesions
	Hamartomatous Polyps
	Adenomatous and Serrated Polyps
		Conventional (Intestinal-Type) Adenomas
		Serrated Polyps
	Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Features
		Macroscopic and Microscopic Features
		Diagnostic Challenges
		Grading and Staging
	Molecular Genetics of Colorectal Cancer
	Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Epidemiology and Clinicopathologic Features
		Diagnostic Challenges
	Mesenchymal Tumors
		Smooth Muscle Tumors
		Lipomatous Tumors
		Neural Lesions
	Hematolymphoid Neoplasms of the Colon
		Mantle Cell Lymphoma
		Systemic Mastocytosis
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Rectal Lymphoid Polyps
	Metastatic Tumors to the Colon
	Selected References
		Inflammatory Lesions
		Conventional Adenoma
		Serrated Polyps
		Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
		Mesenchymal Tumors (See Also Chapter 5)
		Hematolymphoid Tumors
		Metastatic Tumors
Chapter 12: Neoplasms of the Anus
	Introduction
	Benign Conditions and Tumor Mimics
		Hemorrhoids
		Anal Tags/Fibroepithelial Polyps
	Squamous Dysplasia
		Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
		Terminology
		Clinical and Macroscopic Features
		Microscopic Features
		Diagnostic Challenges
	Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
		Clinical and Macroscopic Features
		Microscopic Features and Variants
		Staging
	Anal Adenocarcinoma
		Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
		Clinical and Macroscopic Features
		Microscopic Features
		Diagnostic Challenges
	(Peri)Anal Paget Disease
		Etiology
		Clinical and Macroscopic Features
		Microscopic Features
		Diagnostic Challenges
	Melanoma
		Epidemiology
		Pathologic Features
	Basal Cell Carcinoma
	Other Unusual Entities
	Selected References
		General
		Inflammatory/Non-Neoplastic Lesions
		Squamous Dysplasia and Carcinoma
		Anal Adenocarcinoma
		Paget Disease of the Anus
		Primary Anal Melanoma
		Perianal Basal Cell Carcinoma
Chapter 13: Applications of Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry
	Introduction
	Approach to Epithelial Neoplasms
		Primary Versus Metastatic Carcinomas in the GI Tract
	Approach to Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
	Approach to Hematolymphoid Tumors
	Approach to Mesenchymal Tumors
		KIT Immunohistochemistry
	Organ- and Situation-Specific Applications of Immunohistochemistry in GI Tract Neoplasia
		p53 and Barrett’s-Associated Dysplasia and Carcinoma
		Poorly Differentiated Esophageal Carcinomas
		Poorly Cohesive Gastric Cancer Versus Metastatic Lobular Breast Cancer
		HER2 Assessment in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
	Mismatch Repair Protein Immunohistochemistry
		EPCAM Immunohistochemistry
		BRAF V600E Mutation-Specific Immunohistochemistry
		Mismatch Repair Immunohistochemistry in Colon Polyps
	Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions/Intraepithelial Neoplasia (SIL/AIN)
		Pagetoid Tumors of the Anal Canal
		Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Basal Cell Carcinoma at the Anal Margin
	Selected References
		Approach to Epithelial Neoplasms
		Approach to Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
		Approach to Hematolymphoid Tumors
		Approach to Mesenchymal Tumors
		Barrett’s Associated Dysplasia and Carcinoma
		Poorly Differentiated Esophageal Carcinoma
		Distinguishing Poorly Cohesive Gastric Cancer From Metastatic Lobular Breast Cancer
		HER2 Assessment in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma
		Mismatch Repair Protein Immunohistochemistry
		EPCAM Immunohistochemistry
		BRAF V600E Mutation-Specific Immunohistochemistry
		Mismatch Repair Immunohistochemistry in Colon Polyps
		Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions/Intraepithelial Neoplasia (SIL/AIN)
		Approach to Tumors Presenting in a Pagetoid Fashion in the Anal Canal
		Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Basal Cell Carcinoma at the Anal Margin
Chapter 14: Applications of Molecular Pathology
	Introduction
	Terminology
		Oncogenes
		Tumor Suppressor Genes
		MicroRNAs
	Key Molecular Features of Gastrointestinal Malignancies
		Barrett Esophagus and Associated Adenocarcinoma
		Molecular Alterations
		Gastric Adenocarcinoma
		Colorectal Cancer
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
	Summary and Conclusions
	Selected References
		General
		Barrett Esophagus and Adenocarcinoma
		Gastric Adenocarcinoma
		Colorectal Cancer
		Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Index