Nengone Grammar

Nengone grammar
Prefaceiii
Contentsiv
Introductionvii
List of Abbreviationsix
1. Phonology1
1.1. Stress1
1.2. Juncture and Pauses2
1.3. Intonation2
1.4. Phonemics and Orthography3
1.5. Allophonic Variations affecting Phonemes4
1.5.1. Allophonic Variations of Consonants4
1.5.2. Allophonic Variations of Vowels9
1.6. Syllable Structure11
1.7. Word Structure11
1.8. Restrictions on Phoneme Occurrence12
2. Clause Level Analysis13
2.1. Clause Classes13
2.1.0. Introductory13
2.1.1. Independent Declarative Clause Class14
2.1.2. Independent Imperative Clause Class19
2.1.3. Independent Yes-No Interrogative Clause Class21
2.1.4. Independent Interrogative Subject Clause Class23
2.1.5. Independent Interrogative Non-Subject Clause Class23
2.1.6. Independent Extra Interrogative Clause Class26
2.1.7. Dependent Subject Clause Class28
2.1.8. Dependent Non-Subject Clause Class28
2.1.9. Extra Dependent Clause Class31
2.2. Independent Declarative Clause Types33
2.2.1. The Active Intransitive Declarative Clause34
2.2.2. The Active Single Transitive Declarative Clause35
2.2.3. The Active Double Transitive Declarative Clause36
2.2.4. The Passive Single Transitive Declarative Clause37
2.2.5. The Passive Double Transitive Declarative Clause38
2.2.6. The Equational Clause38
2.2.7. The Identificational Clause39
2.2.8. The Stative Clause40
3. Phrase Level Analysis41
3.1. Nucleus Clause Level Tagmemes41
3.1.1. Obligatory Nucleus Predicate Tagmeme41
3.1.1.1. Close-Knit Active Verb Phrases41
3.1.1.1.1. Present Tense42
3.1.1.1.2. Future Tense43
3.1.1.1.3. Past Tense43
3.1.1.1.4. Desideratives44
3.1.1.1.5. Imperatives44
3.1.1.1.6. Conditional45
3.1.1.1.7. Necessitatives46
3.1.1.2. Close-Knit Passive Verb Phrases46
3.1.1.3. Negated Verb Phrases47
3.1.1.4. Interrogative Verb Phrases48
3.1.1.5. Adjectival Verb Phrases49
3.1.1.6. Stative Predicates49
3.1.1.7. Equational Predicates50
3.1.2. Obligatory Nucleus Subject Tagmeme50
3.1.2.1. Position of Subject Tagmeme51
3.1.2.2. Filler Classes51
3.1.2.2.1. Noun Phrase52
3.1.2.2.1.1. NounNoun Phrase52
3.1.2.2.1.1.1. Common NounCount Noun Phrase52
3.1.2.2.1.1.2. Proper NounNoun Phrase62
3.1.2.2.1.2. Nominalised Adjective Phrase63
3.1.2.2.1.3. Nominalised Verb Phrase64
3.1.2.2.2. Pronoun Phrase64
3.1.3. Obligatory Nucleus Direct Object Tagmeme66
3.1.4. Obligatory Nucleus Indirect Object Tagmeme68
3.1.5. Obligatory Nucleus Equational Complement69
3.1.6. Obligatory Nucleus Stative Complement70
3.1.7. Obligatory Nucleus Identificational Subject71
3.1.8. Obligatory Nucleus Agentive Tagmeme72
3.2. Optional Satellite Clause Level Tagmemes73
3.2.1. Optional Satellite Indirect Object Tagmeme73
3.2.2. Optional Satellite Accompaniment Tagmeme73
3.2.3. Optional Satellite Benefactive Tagmeme74
3.2.4. Optional Satellite Instrument Tagmeme75
3.2.5. Optional Satellite Time Tagmeme76
3.2.6. Optional Satellite Frequency Tagmeme77
3.2.7. Optional Satellite Location Tagmeme77
3.2.8. Optional Satellite Manner Tagmeme79
3.2.9. Optional Satellite Purpose Tagmeme80
3.2.10. Optional Satellite Cause Tagmeme81
4. Word Level Analysis82
Appendix: Texts86