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دانلود کتاب Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics, 9th Edition
دانلود کتاب ملزومات نلسون از اطفال، ویرایش نهم
مشخصات کتاب
Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics, 9th Edition
دسته بندی: اطفال ویرایش: 9 نویسندگان: Karen Marcdante, Robert M. Kliegman, Abigail M. Schuh سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780323775625, 0323775624 ناشر: Elsevier سال نشر: 2022 تعداد صفحات: 1010 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 66 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 34,000
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب ملزومات نلسون از اطفال، ویرایش نهم: اطفال، پرستاری اطفال و نوزادان
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب ملزومات نلسون از اطفال، ویرایش نهم نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب ملزومات نلسون از اطفال، ویرایش نهم
مختصر، خوانا و به‌روز، Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics، نسخه نهم، اطلاعاتی را که در اطفال به آن نیاز دارید، از نامی که به آن اعتماد دارید، ارائه می‌کند. یک قالب خوانا و تمام رنگی. فصل های هدفمند و پربازده؛ و به روز رسانی کامل محتوا، پوشش قوی دانش اصلی و همچنین پیشرفت های اخیر در این زمینه را تضمین می کند. این منبع متمرکز برای دانشجویان پزشکی، دستیاران اطفال، پزشکان متخصص و پرستاران در محیط‌های آموزشی و عملی مختلف، از جمله دوره‌های رزیدنتی کودکان، کارآموزی، و امتحانات ایده‌آل است. ویژگی های کلیدی رشد و تکامل طبیعی دوران کودکی و همچنین تشخیص، مدیریت و پیشگیری از بیماری ها و اختلالات رایج کودکان را پوشش می دهد. حاوی پوشش جدیدی از COVID-19، سندرم التهابی چند سیستمی در کودکان (MIS-C) و آسیب ریه ناشی از بخارات است. شامل Pearls for Practitioners در پایان هر بخش، و همچنین برنامه‌های ایمن‌سازی به‌روز شده و بحث گسترده‌ای درباره مراقبت‌های آگاهانه از تروما است. با پیروی از دستورالعمل‌های برنامه درسی COMSEP مرتبط با کارآموزی یا دوره‌ای اطفال شما، پوشش خوبی نوشته و با بازده بالا را در سرتاسر آن ارائه می‌کند. از یک فرمت تمام رنگی با تصاویر و جداول جدید متعدد در سراسر استفاده می کند، بنابراین می توانید به راحتی اطلاعات پیچیده را تجسم کنید. بینش های دنیای واقعی را از نویسندگان فصل ارائه می دهد که همچنین مدیران کارآموزی هستند و به شما کمک می کند دانش و مهارت های لازم را برای موفقیت در مراقبت از بیماران و آمادگی برای معاینات کارآموزی یا حین خدمت به دست آورید. نسخه کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته همراه با خرید. کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته شما به شما امکان می دهد به تمام متن ها، شکل ها و مراجع کتاب در دستگاه های مختلف دسترسی داشته باشید. سایت Evolve Instructor با یک بانک تصویر و آزمایش از طریق نماینده فروش Elsevier یا از طریق درخواست در https://evolve.elsevier.com در دسترس مربیان است. اطلاعات نویسنده ویرایش شده توسط Karen Marcdante، MD، استاد، گروه اطفال، کالج پزشکی ویسکانسین، بیمارستان کودکان ویسکانسین، میلواکی، ویسکانسین. دکتر رابرت ام. کلیگمن، پروفسور و رئیس بازنشسته، گروه اطفال - کالج پزشکی ویسکانسین برنامه بیماری‌های نادر و تشخیص‌نشده نلسون و ابیگیل ام. شوه، استادیار، گروه اطفال، کالج پزشکی ویسکانسین، بیمارستان کودکان ویسکانسین میلواکی، ویسکانسین
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Concise, readable, and up to date, Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics, 9th Edition, provides the must-know information you need in pediatrics from the name you trust. A readable, full-color format; high-yield, targeted chapters; and thorough content updates ensure strong coverage of core knowledge as well as recent advances in the field. This focused resource is ideal for medical students, pediatric residents, PAs, and nurse practitioners in various educational and practice settings, including pediatric residencies, clerkships, and exams. Key Features Covers normal childhood growth and development, as well as the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common pediatric diseases and disorders. Contains new coverage of COVID-19, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), and Vaping-Induced Lung Injury. Includes Pearls for Practitioners at the end of each section, as well as updated immunization schedules and an expanded discussion of trauma-informed care. Features well written, high-yield coverage throughout, following COMSEP curriculum guidelines relevant to your pediatric clerkship or rotation. Uses a full-color format with images and numerous new tables throughout, so you can easily visualize complex information. Provides real-world insights from chapter authors who are also Clerkship Directors, helping you gain the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed both in caring for patients and in preparing for clerkship or in-service examinations. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Evolve Instructor site with an image and test bank is available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at https://evolve.elsevier.com. Author Information Edited by Karen Marcdante, MD, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Robert M. Kliegman, MD, Professor & Chair Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics - Medical College of Wisconsin Nelson Undiagnosed & Rare Disease Program and Abigail M. Schuh, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
فهرست مطالب
Cover Any screen.Any time.Anywhere Nelson ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRICS Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Contents Section 1 The Profession Of Pediatrics Ahmeneh Ghavam | Karen J. Marcdante 1 Population and Culture: The Care of Children in Society Care of Children in Society Current Challenges Landscape of Health Care for Children in the United States Other Health Issues that Affect Children in the United States Health Disparities in Health Care for Children Changing Morbidity: Social/Emotional Aspects of Pediatric Practice Culture Pearls for Practitioners 2 Professionalism Concept of Professionalism Professionalism for Pediatricians Pearls for Practitioners 3 Ethics and Legal Issues Ethics in Health Care Ethical Principles Related to Infants, Children, and Adolescents Legal Issues Ethical Issues in Practice Confidentiality Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing and Screening in Children Religious Issues and Ethics Children as Human Subjects in Research Ethical Issues Surrounding Scarce Resource Allocation Pearls for Practitioners 4 Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues Palliative and End-of-Life Care Bereavement Cognitive Issues in Children and Adolescents: Understanding Death and Dying Cultural, Religious, and Spiritual Concerns About Palliative Care and End-of-Life Decisions Ethical Issues in End-of-Life Decision-Making Organ Donation in Pediatrics Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls For Practitioners 1 Population and Culture: The Care of Children in Society 2 Professionalism 3 Ethics and Legal Issues 4 Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues Section 2 Growth and Development 5 Normal Growth Health Maintenance Visit Pearls for Practitioners 6 Disorders of Growth Pearls for Practitioners 7 Normal Development Physical Development Newborn Period Later Infancy School Age/Preadolescent Adolescence Developmental Milestones Psychosocial Assessment Bonding and Attachment in Infancy Developing Autonomy in Early Childhood Early Childhood Education School Readiness Adolescence Modifying Psychosocial Behaviors Temperament Pearls for Practitioners 8 Disorders of Development Developmental Surveillance and Screening Other Issues in Assessing Development and Behavior Evaluating Developmental and Behavioral Issues Pearls for Practitioners 9 Evaluation of the Well Child Screening Tests Newborn Screening Metabolic Screening Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening Hearing Evaluation Hearing and Vision Screening of Older Children Infants and Toddlers Children 3 Years of Age and Older Anemia Screening Lead Screening Tuberculosis Testing Cholesterol Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Depression Screening Immunizations Dental Care Nutritional Assessment Anticipatory Guidance Safety Issues Fostering Optimal Development Pearls for Practitioners 10 Evaluation of the Child with Special Needs Multifaceted Team Assessment of Complex Problems Medical Assessment Motor Assessment Psychologic Assessment Educational Assessment Social Environment Assessment Management of Developmental Problems Intervention in the Primary Care Setting Counseling Principles Interdisciplinary Team Intervention Selected Clinical Problems: The Special Needs Child Intellectual Disability Vision Impairment Hearing Impairment Speech-Language Impairment Cerebral Palsy Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Normal Growth Disorders of Growth Normal Development Disorders of Development Evaluation of the Well Child Evaluation of the Child with Special Needs Section 3 Behavioral Disorders 11 Crying and Colic Normal Development Colic Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Anticipatory Guidance and Management Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 12 Temper Tantrums Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Anticipatory Guidance And Management Pearls For Practitioners 13 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis and Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Co-morbidities Treatment Medications Complementary Alternative Medicine Pearls For Practitioners 14 Control of Elimination Normal Development Of Elimination Enuresis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Functional Constipation And Encopresis Epidemiology Etiology Diet Withholding Behaviors History Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Pearls For Practitioners 15 Normal Sleep and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Adolescent Sleep Sleep Disorders Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Complications Prevention and Treatment Pearls For Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls For Practitioners 11 Crying and Colic 12 Temper Tantrums 13 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 14 Control of Elimination 15 Normal Sleep and Pediatric Sleep Disorders Section 4 Psychiatric Disorders 16 Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorders, and Malingering Pearls for Practitioners 17 Anxiety and Phobias Pearls for Practitioners 18 Depression and Bipolar Disorders Bipolar and Related Disorders Pearls for Practitioners 19 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Pearls for Practitioners 20 Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Psychoses Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners 16 Somatoform Disorders, Factitious Disorders, and Malingering 17 Anxiety and Phobias 18 Depression and Bipolar Disorders Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorders (BD) 19 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 20 Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Psychoses Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Section 5 Psychosocial Issues 21 Failure to Thrive Etiology Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations Treatment Complications Psychosocial Short Stature Pearls for Practitioners 22 Child Abuse and Neglect Neglect Physical Abuse Medical Child Abuse Sexual Abuse Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) Management Pearls for Practitioners 23 Sexuality and Gender Identity Development of Sexuality Sexual Orientation Development of Gender Identity Gender Dysphoria Pearls for Practitioners 24 Family Structure and Function Family Functions Family Structure Single-Parent Families Children Living with LGBTQ Parents Adoption Foster Care Family Dysfunction: Physical Needs Family Dysfunction: Emotional Support, Education, and Socialization Pearls For Practitioners 25 Violence Intimate Partner Violence and Children Dating Violence and Date Rape Bullying Assault Community Violence Violence and Technology Youth Violence, the Juvenile Justice System, and Health Trauma-Informed Care Pearls for Practitioners 26 Divorce, Separation, and Bereavement Divorce Reaction to Divorce at Different Ages Outcome of Divorce Role of the Pediatrician Separations from Parents Death of a Parent or Family Member and Bereavement Explaining Death to a Child Should the Child Attend the Funeral? Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners 21 Failure to Thrive 22 Child Abuse and Neglect 23 Sexuality and Gender Identity 24 Family Structure and Function 25 Violence 26 Divorce, Separation, and Bereavement Section 6 Pediatric Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders 27 Diet of the Normal Infant Breast-Feeding Common Breast-Feeding Problems Contraindications (see Table 27.1) Maternal Drug Use Formula Feeding Complementary Foods Iron Supplements Pearls For Practitioners 28 Diet of the Normal Child and Adolescent Nutrition Issues For Toddlers And Older Children Milk Juices General Recommendations Salt Intake Iron Intake Nutrition Issues For Adolescents Pearls for Practitioners 29 Obesity Definitions Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Assessment Prevention Treatment Treatment for Children Who Are Overweight Treatment for Children Who Are Obese Medications Weight-Loss Surgery Pearls For Practitioners 30 Pediatric Undernutrition Failure To Thrive Marasmus Kwashiorkor Mixed Marasmus-Kwashiorkor Treatment Of Malnutrition Complications Of Malnutrition Pearls For Practitioners 31 Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Water-Soluble Vitamins Ascorbic Acid B Vitamins Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin D Vitamin K Minerals Calcium Iron Zinc Fluoride Pearls For Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls For Practitioners 27 Diet of the Normal Infant 28 Diet of the Normal Child and Adolescent 29 Obesity 30 Pediatric Undernutrition 31 Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Section 7 Fluids and Electrolytes 32 Maintenance Fluid Therapy Body Composition Regulation Of Intravascular Volume And Osmolality Maintenance Fluids Pearls For Practitioners 33 Dehydration and Replacement Therapy Replacement Therapy Dehydration Laboratory Evaluation Calculation of Fluid Deficit Approach to Dehydration Monitoring And Adjusting Therapy Oral Rehydration Pearls For Practitioners 34 Parenteral Nutrition Indications Access For Parenteral Nutrition Composition Of Parenteral Nutrition Complications Pearls For Practitioners 35 Sodium Disorders Hyponatremia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Hypernatremia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Pearls For Practitioners 36 Potassium Disorders Hypokalemia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Hyperkalemia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Pearls For Practitioners 37 Acid-Base Disorders Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders Metabolic Acidosis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Metabolic Alkalosis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Respiratory Acid-Base Disturbances Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Maintenance Fluid Therapy Dehydration and Replacement Therapy Parenteral Nutrition Sodium Disorders Potassium Disorders Acid-Base Disorders Section 8 The Acutely Ill or Injured Child 38 Assessment and Resuscitation Initial Assessment History Physical Examination Common Manifestations Initial Diagnostic Evaluation Screening Tests Diagnostic Tests and Imaging Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary Arrest Pediatric Advanced Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Circulation Airway Breathing Medications Pearls for Practitioners 39 Respiratory Failure Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls For Practitioners 40 Shock Etiology and Epidemiology Hypovolemic Shock Distributive Shock Cardiogenic Shock Obstructive Shock Dissociative Shock Clinical Manifestations Hypovolemic Shock Distributive Shock Cardiogenic Shock Obstructive Shock Dissociative Shock Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment General Principles Organ-Directed Therapeutics Fluid Resuscitation Cardiovascular Support Respiratory Support Renal Salvage Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 41 Injury Prevention Epidemiology and Etiology Education for Preventing Injuries Pearls For Practitioners 42 Major Trauma Assessment and Resuscitation Etiology and Epidemiology Laboratory and Imaging Studies Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Head Trauma Spinal Cord Trauma Thoracic Trauma Abdominal Trauma Liver Trauma Renal Injury Pancreatic Injury Intestinal Injury Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 43 Drowning Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 44 Burns Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 45 Poisoning Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Complications Coma Direct Toxicity Metabolic Acidosis Dysrhythmias Gastrointestinal Symptoms Seizures Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Supportive Care Gastrointestinal Decontamination Enhanced Elimination Specific Antidotes Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 46 Sedation and Analgesia Assessment Procedural Sedation Nonprocedural Sedation Pain and Analgesia Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Assessment and Resuscitation Respiratory Failure Shock Injury Prevention Major Trauma Drowning Burns Poisoning Sedation and Analgesia Section 9 Human Genetics and Dysmorphology 47 Patterns of Inheritance Types of Genetic Disorders Introduction To Genetics And Genomics Pedigree Drawing Autosomal Dominant Disorders Achondroplasia Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Marfan Syndrome Autosomal Recessive Disorders Sickle Cell Disease Tay-Sachs Disease X-Linked Disorders X-Linked Recessive Inheritance Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Hemophilia A X-Linked Dominant Inheritance Other Types Of Genetic Disorders Multifactorial Disorders Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Neural Tube Defects, Including Myelomeningocele Disorders with Unusual Patterns of Inheritance Mitochondrial Inheritance Uniparental Disomy Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes Expansion of a Trinucleotide Repeat Teratogenic Agents Maternal Infections Maternal Disease Medications and Chemicals Radiation Pearls For Practitioners 48 Genetic Assessment and Diagnosis Preconception and Prenatal Counseling Familial Factors Screening Maternal Factors Postnatal—Newborn and Infant Adolescent and Adult General Approach To Patients Family History Pregnancy Delivery and Birth Medical History Development Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation Chromosome Analysis Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Microarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization DNA Sequencing Exome Sequencing Whole Genome Sequencing Pearls for Practitioners 49 Chromosomal Disorders Abnormalities In Number (Aneuploidy) Trisomies Down Syndrome Trisomy 18 Trisomy 13 Klinefelter Syndrome Monosomies Turner Syndrome Syndromes Involving Chromosomal Deletions Cri du Chat Syndrome Williams Syndrome Aniridia Wilms Tumor Association Prader-Willi Syndrome Angelman Syndrome Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndromes (22q11DS) Syndromes Involving Chromosome Duplication Inverted Duplication Chromosome 15 Cat-Eye Syndrome Pearls For Practitioners 50 Approach to the Dysmorphic Child Definitions History and Physical Examination Pregnancy History Family History Physical Examination Growth Craniofacial Neck Trunk Extremities Genitalia Laboratory Evaluation Diagnosis Pearls For Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Patterns of Inheritance Genetic Assessment and Diagnosis Chromosomal Disorders Approach to the Dysmorphic Child Section 10 Metabolic Disorders 51 Metabolic Assessment Signs and Symptoms Types of Clinical Presentation of Inborn Errors Toxic Presentation Severe Neonatal Hyperammonemia Moderate Neonatal Hyperammonemia Clinical Hyperammonemia in Later Infancy and Childhood Specific Organ Presentation Energy Deficiency Ketosis and Ketotic Hypoglycemia Disorders Associated with Dysmorphic Findings Storage Disorders Clinical Assessment and Laboratory Testing Genetic Aspects of Inborn Errors Mechanisms of Inheritance Identification of Molecular Pathology Identification of Inborn Errors by Neonatal Screening Disorders Identified by Neonatal Screening Strategy of Neonatal Screening Confirmatory Testing Principles Specialized Laboratory and Clinical Testing Overview of Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 52 Carbohydrate Disorders Glycogen Storage Diseases Galactosemia Pearls for Practitioners 53 Amino Acid Disorders Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism Phenylketonuria Tyrosinemias Homocystinuria Maple Syrup Urine Disease Disorders of Ammonia Disposal Treatment of Hyperammonemia Disorders of Amino Acid Transport that Affect Specific Transport Mechanisms in the Kidney and Intestine Pearls for Practitioners 54 Organic Acid Disorders Disorders of Organic Acid Metabolism Propionic Acidemia and Methylmalonic Acidemia Isovaleric Acidemia Glutaric Acidemia I Biotinidase Deficiency and Holocarboxylase Synthetase Deficiency Pearls for Practitioners 55 Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation Glutaric Aciduria Type II Carnitine Deficiency Pearls for Practitioners 56 Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders Peroxisomal Disorders Lysosomal Storage Disorders Diagnostic Testing Treatment Strategies Pearls for Practitioners 57 Mitochondrial Disorders Mitochondrial Function Signs and Symptoms of Genetic Disorders of Mitochondrial Function Biochemical Abnormalities in Mitochondrial Function Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders Treatment of Mitochondrial Disorders Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Metabolic Assessment Carbohydrate Disorders Amino Acid Disorders Organic Acid Disorders Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders Lysosomal and Peroxisomal Disorders Mitochondrial Disorders Section 11 Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 58 Assessment of the Mother, Fetus, and Newborn Assessment Of The Mother Fetus and Newborn Assessment Of The Fetus Assessment of the Newborn Routine Delivery Room Care and Resuscitation Physical Examination and Gestational Age Assessment Appearance Vital Signs Gestational Age Skin Skull Face, Eyes, and Mouth Neck and Chest Lungs Heart Abdomen Genitalia Extremities Spine Hips Neurologic Assessment Special Conditions Requiring Resuscitation in the Delivery Room Cyanosis Life-Threatening Congenital Malformations Perinatal Hypoxia and Asphyxia Shock Birth Injury Temperature Regulation Elevated Temperature Miscellaneous Disorders Hypocalcemia Neonatal Drug Withdrawal Opiates Cocaine Pearls for Practitioners 59 Maternal Diseases Affectingthe Newborn Antiphospholipid Syndrome Idiopathic (Immune) Thrombocytopenia Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Neonatal Hyperthyroidism Diabetes Mellitus Other Conditions Pearls for Practitioners 60 Diseases of the Fetus Intrauterine Growth Restriction And Small For Gestational Age Hydrops Fetalis Pearls For Practitioners 61 Respiratory Diseases of the Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) Lung Development Clinical Manifestations Complications of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patent Ductus Arteriosus Pulmonary Air Leaks Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease) Retinopathy of Prematurity (Retrolental Fibroplasia) Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Meconium Aspiration Syndrome PERSISTENT Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn Apnea Of Prematurity Pearls For Practitioners 62 Anemia and Hyperbilirubinemia Anemia Etiology Decreased Red Blood Cell Production Increased Red Blood Cell Destruction Blood Loss Diagnosis and Management Hyperbilirubinemia Etiology of Indirect Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia Etiology of Direct Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Spectrum Disorder (Bilirubin Encephalopathy) Therapy of Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia Polycythemia (Hyperviscosity Syndrome) Coagulation Disorders Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnoses of Bleeding Disorders Pearls for Practitioners 63 Necrotizing Enterocolitis Pearls for Practitioners 64 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, Intracranial Hemorrhage, and Seizures Neonatal Seizures Intracranial Hemorrhage Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Pearls for Practitioners 65 Sepsis and Meningitis Pearls for Practitioners 66 Congenital Infections Toxoplasmosis Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes Simplex Virus Congenital Syphilis Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hepatitis B Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Chlamydia Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Zika Virus COVID-19 Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Assessment of the Mother, Fetus, and Newborn Maternal Diseases Affecting the Newborn Diseases of the Fetus Respiratory Diseases of the Newborn Anemia and Hyperbilirubinemia Necrotizing Enterocolitis Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, Intracranial Hemorrhage, and Seizures Sepsis and Meningitis Congenital Infections Section 12 Adolescent Medicine 67 Overview and Assessment of Adolescents Interviewing Adolescents Physical Growth and Development of Adolescents Girls Boys Changes Associated with Physical Maturation Psychologic Growth and Development of Adolescents Pearls for Practitioners 68 Well-Adolescent Care Early Adolescence (Ages 10–14 Years) Middle Adolescence (Ages 15–17 Years) Late Adolescence (Ages 18–21 Years) Gynecologic Examination Breast Changes in Girls and Boys Breast Asymmetry and Masses in Girls Gynecomastia in Boys Pearls for Practitioners 69 Adolescent Gynecology Vaginal Discharge Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Dysmenorrhea Pregnancy Diagnosis Continuation of the Pregnancy Termination Contraception Steroidal Contraception Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives Implants Intrauterine Devices Hormonal Injections Combined Hormonal Contraceptives Progestogen-Only Pill Barrier Methods Condoms Sponge, Caps, and Diaphragm Emergency Postcoital Contraception Coitus Interruptus and Rhythm Method (Periodic Coital Abstinence) Oral and Anal Sex Sexual Violence Pearls for Practitioners 70 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Bulimia Nervosa Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) Pearls for Practitioners 71 Substance Abuse Acute Overdose Acute and Chronic Effects Treatment Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Overview and Assessment of Adolescents Well-Adolescent Care Adolescent Gynecology Eating Disorders Substance Abuse Section 13 Immunology 72 Immunologic Assessment History Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Evaluation Laboratory Tests Diagnostic Imaging Pearls for Practitioners 73 Lymphocyte Disorders Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Antibody Deficiency Diseases Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Treatment Prevention and Newborn Screening Pearls for Practitioners 74 Neutrophil Disorders Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Disorders of Neutrophil Numbers Disorders of Neutrophil Migration Disorders of Neutrophil Function Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis and Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 75 Complement System Etiology Laboratory Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 76 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Complications Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Immunologic Assessment Lymphocyte Disorders Neutrophil Disorders Complement System Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Section 14 Allergy 77 Allergy Assessment History Physical Examination Initial Diagnostic Evaluation Screening Tests Diagnostic Imaging Pearls for Practitioners 78 Asthma Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Long-Term Control Medications Inhaled Corticosteroids Leukotriene Modifiers Long-Acting β2 Agonists Theophylline Biologics Quick-Relief Medications Short-Acting β2 Agonists Anticholinergic Agents Oral Corticosteroids Approach to Therapy Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 79 Allergic Rhinitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Pharmacotherapy Allergen Immunotherapy Complications Prognosis and Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 80 Atopic Dermatitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 81 Urticaria, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 82 Serum Sickness Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment and Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 83 Insect Allergies Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 84 Adverse Reactions to Foods Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis and Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 85 Adverse Reactions to Drugs Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Allergy Assessment Asthma Allergic Rhinitis Atopic Dermatitis Urticaria, Angioedema, and Anaphylaxis Serum Sickness Insect Allergies Adverse Reactions to Foods Adverse Reaction to Drugs Section 15 RHEUMATIC DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD CHAPTER 86 Rheumatic Assessment HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION COMMON MANIFESTATIONS INITIAL DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION LABORATORY TESTING DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING PEARLS FOR PRACTITIONERS CHAPTER 87 IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura) ETIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS LABORATORY AND IMAGING STUDIES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS PROGNOSIS PEARLS FOR PRACTITIONERS 88 Kawasaki Disease Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Acute PhaseThe Subacute Phase Convalescent Phase Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners CHAPTER 89 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ETIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL PRESENTATION LABORATORY AND IMAGING STUDIES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS PROGNOSIS PEARLS FOR PRACTITIONERS CHAPTER 90 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ETIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY LABORATORY AND IMAGING STUDIES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS PROGNOSIS PEARLS FOR PRACTITIONERS 91 Juvenile Dermatomyositis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners CHAPTER 92 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes GROWING PAINS BENIGN HYPERMOBILITY MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROMES AND FIBROMYALGIA PEARLS FOR PRACTITIONERS PEARLS FOR PRACTITIONERS Rheumatic Assessment IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura) Kawasaki Disease Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Juvenile Dermatomyositis Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes Section 16 Infectious Diseases 93 Infectious Disease Assessment Initial Diagnostic Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Screening Tests Diagnostic Imaging Pearls for Practitioners 94 Immunization and Prophylaxis Immunization Prophylaxis Meningococcus Tetanus Rabies Pearls for Practitioners 95 Antiinfective Therapy Pearls for Practitioners 96 Fever Without a Focus Fever in Infants Younger than 2 Months of Age Fever in Children 2 Months to 3 Years of Age Fever of Unknown Origin Pearls for Practitioners 97 Infections Characterized byFever and Rash Measles (Rubeola) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Rubella (German or 3-Day Measles) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection (Chickenpox and Zoster) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 98 Cutaneous Infections Superficial Bacterial Infections Impetigo Cellulitis Folliculitis Perianal Dermatitis Superficial Fungal Infections Superficial Viral Infections Herpes Simplex Virus Human Papillomaviruses (Warts) Molluscum Contagiosum Pearls for Practitioners 99 Lymphadenopathy Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 100 Meningitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 101 Encephalitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 102 The Common Cold Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 103 Pharyngitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 104 Sinusitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 105 Otitis Media Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 106 Otitis Externa Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 107 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 108 Pertussis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 109 Bronchiolitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 110 Pneumonia Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 111 Infective Endocarditis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Studies and Imaging Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 112 Acute Gastroenteritis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 113 Viral Hepatitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 114 Urinary Tract Infection Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls For Practitioners 115 Vulvovaginitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 116 Sexually Transmitted Infections Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Genital Warts (Human Papillomaviruses) Pubic Lice (Phthirus pubis) Pearls for Practitioners 117 Osteomyelitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 118 Infectious Arthritis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 119 Ocular Infections Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 120 Infection in the Immunocompromised Person Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Tests and Imaging Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 121 Infections Associated with Medical Devices Vascular Device Infections Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Urinary Catheters Peritoneal Dialysis–Associated Infections Central Nervous System Shunts Pearls for Practitioners 122 Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Infections Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) and Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention West Nile Virus (see Chapter 101) Dengue Fever Ebola Virus Chikungunya Virus Zika Virus Pearls for Practitioners 123 Parasitic Diseases Protozoal Diseases Malaria Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Toxoplasmosis Helminthiases Hookworm Infections Ascariasis Visceral Larva Migrans Enterobiasis (Pinworm) Schistosomiasis Echinococcosis Neurocysticercosis Pearls for Practitioners 124 Tuberculosis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Diagnostic Imaging Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications and Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 125 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners 93 Infectious Disease Assessment 94 Immunization and Prophylaxis 95 Antiinfective Therapy 96 Fever Without a Focus 97 Infections Characterized by Fever and Rash 98 Cutaneous Infections Lymphadenopathy Meningitis Encephalitis 102 The Common Cold 103 Pharyngitis Sinusitis 105 Otitis Media 106 Otitis Externa 107 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) 108 Pertussis 109 Bronchiolitis 110 Pneumonia 111 Infective Endocarditis 112 Acute Gastroenteritis Viral Hepatitis 114 Urinary Tract Infection Vulvovaginitis Sexually Transmitted Infections 117 Osteomyelitis Infectious Arthritis Ocular Infections Infection in the Immunocompromised Person 121 Infections Associated with Medical Devices 122 Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Infections 123 Parasitic Diseases 124 Tuberculosis 125 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Section 17 The Digestive System Dawn R. Ebach | Warren P. Bishop 126 Digestive System Assessment History Physical Examination Screening Tests Diagnostic Imaging Radiology Endoscopy Common Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disorders Abdominal Pain General Considerations Acute Abdominal Pain Distinguishing Features Initial Diagnostic Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Functional Abdominal Pain and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Differential Diagnosis Distinguishing Features Treatment of Recurrent Abdominal Pain Vomiting Differential Diagnosis Distinguishing Features Acute and Chronic Diarrhea Differential Diagnosis Distinguishing Features Constipation and Encopresis Differential Diagnosis Distinguishing Features Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation Gastrointestinal Bleeding Differential Diagnosis Distinguishing Features Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 127 Oral Cavity Effects of Systemic Disease on the Oral Cavity Deciduous and Primary Teeth Dental Caries Etiology Epidemiology and Treatment Prevention Cleft Lip and Palate Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Complications Thrush Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 128 Esophagus and Stomach Gastroesophageal Reflux Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Eosinophilic Esophagitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment and Prognosis Complications Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment and Prognosis Complications Esophageal Foreign Bodies Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Complications Caustic Injuries and Pill Ulcers Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Complications Pyloric Stenosis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Peptic Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 129 Intestinal Tract Malrotation Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Intestinal Atresia Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Other Congenital Disorders Inflammatory Bowel Disease Epidemiology and Etiology Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Ulcerative Colitis Crohn Disease Celiac Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Milk and Soy Protein Intolerance (Allergic Colitis) Intussusception Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Appendicitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 130 Liver Disease Cholestasis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Viral Hepatitis Fulminant Liver Failure Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Chronic Liver Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Selected Chronic Hepatic Disorders Wilson Disease Autoimmune Hepatitis Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pearls for Practitioners 131 Pancreatic Disease Pancreatic Insufficiency Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Acute Pancreatitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Chronic Pancreatitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 132 Peritonitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Digestive System Assessment Oral Cavity Esophagus and Stomach Intestinal Tract Liver Disease Pancreatic Disease Peritonitis Section 18 The Respiratory System 133 Respiratory System Assessment Anatomy of the Respiratory System Pulmonary Physiology Pulmonary Mechanics Respiratory Gas Exchange Lung Defense Mechanisms History Physical Examination Diagnostic Measures Imaging Techniques Measures of Respiratory Gas Exchange Pulmonary Function Testing Endoscopic Evaluation of the Airways Examination of Sputum Lung Biopsy Therapeutic Measures Oxygen Administration Aerosol Therapy Chest Physiotherapy and Airway Clearance Techniques Intubation Tracheostomy Mechanical Ventilation Pearls for Practitioners 134 Control of Breathing Apnea Etiology Brief Resolved Unexplained Events Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Etiology and Epidemiology Differential Diagnosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 135 Upper Airway Obstruction Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Differential Diagnosis Choanal Stenosis (Atresia) Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) Epiglottitis Bacterial Tracheitis Laryngomalacia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Subglottic Stenosis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Mass Lesions Vocal Cord Paralysis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment and Prognosis Adenoidal and Tonsillar Hypertrophy Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 136 Lower Airway, Parenchymal, and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Differential Diagnosis Asthma Tracheomalacia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Tracheoesophageal Fistula Extrinsic Tracheal Compression Foreign Body Aspiration Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Prevention Bronchiolitis Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Congenital Lung Anomalies Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pneumonia Pulmonary Edema Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment and Prognosis Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Cor Pulmonale Etiology Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies Treatment and Prognosis Pulmonary Hemorrhage Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pulmonary Embolism Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 137 Cystic Fibrosis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 138 Chest Wall and Pleura Pectus Excavatum and Carinatum Pectus Excavatum Pectus Carinatum Pneumothorax Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pneumomediastinum Pleural Effusion Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners 133 Respiratory System Assessment 134 Control of Breathing 135 Upper Airway Obstruction 136 Lower Airway, Parenchymal, and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases 137 Cystic Fibrosis 138 Chest Wall and Pleura Section 19 The Cardiovascular System 139 Cardiovascular System Assessment History Physical Examination Heart Sounds Clicks Murmurs Laboratory and Imaging Tests Pulse Oximetry Electrocardiography Chest Radiography Echocardiography Cardiac Catheterization Cardiac Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pearls for Practitioners 140 Syncope Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Pearls for Practitioners 141 Chest Pain Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Pearls for Practitioners 142 Dysrhythmias Etiology and Differential Diagnosis Atrial Dysrhythmias Ventricular Dysrhythmias Heart Block Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 143 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Ventricular Septal Defect Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Atrial Septal Defect Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Patent Ductus Arteriosus Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Endocardial Cushion Defect Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Tests Treatment Pulmonary Stenosis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Tests Treatment Aortic Stenosis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Coarctation of the Aorta Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 144 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Tetralogy of Fallot Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Transposition of the Great Arteries Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Tricuspid Atresia Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Truncus Arteriosus Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Complications of Congenital Heart Disease Pearls for Practitioners 145 Heart Failure Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 146 Rheumatic Fever Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment and Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 147 Cardiomyopathies Etiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 148 Pericarditis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Imaging and Laboratory Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Cardiovascular System Assessment Syncope Chest Pain Dysrhythmias Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Heart Failure Rheumatic Fever Cardiomyopathies Pericarditis Section 20 Hematology 149 Hematology Assessment History Physical Examination and Common Manifestations Initial Diagnostic Evaluation Developmental Hematology Pearls for Practitioners 150 Anemia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Studies Differential Diagnosis Microcytic Anemia Iron-Deficiency Anemia Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Prevention Thalassemia Minor Etiology and Epidemiology Laboratory Testing Treatment Lead Poisoning Normocytic Anemia Etiology and Treatment Macrocytic Anemia Marrow Failure/Pancytopenia Etiology Differential Diagnosis Aplastic Anemia Etiology and Epidemiology Laboratory Studies Treatment Fanconi Anemia Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Marrow Replacement Pancytopenia Resulting from Destruction of Cells Hemolytic Anemias Major Hemoglobinopathies Alpha Chain Hemoglobinopathies Etiology. Beta Chain Hemoglobinopathies β-Thalassemia Major (Cooley Anemia) Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Sickle Cell Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Enzymopathies Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Studies Treatment and Prevention Membrane Disorders Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Hemolytic Anemia Caused by Disorders Extrinsic to the Red Blood Cell Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 151 Hemostatic Disorders Normal Hemostasis Developmental Hemostasis Hemostatic Disorders Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Testing Differential Diagnosis Disorders of Platelets Thrombocytopenia Resulting from Decreased Platelet Production Thrombocytopenia Resulting from Peripheral Destruction Etiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Other Disorders Disorders of Platelet Function Etiology Clinical Manifestations Disorders of Clotting Factors Etiology Hemophilia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Studies Treatment von Willebrand Disease Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory Testing Treatment Vitamin K Deficiency Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Etiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Thrombosis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic and Imaging Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 152 Blood Component Therapy Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Hematology Assessment Anemia Hemostatic Disorders Blood Component Therapy Section 21 Oncology 153 Oncology Assessment History Physical Examination Common Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Initial Diagnostic Evaluation Screening Tests Diagnostic Imaging Pearls for Practitioners 154 Principles of Cancer Treatment Oncologic Emergencies Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Other Therapies Adverse Effects Pearls for Practitioners 155 Leukemia Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 156 Lymphoma Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory/Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 157 Central Nervous System Tumors Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory/Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 158 Neuroblastoma Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory/Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 159 Wilms Tumor Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory/Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis and Complications Pearls for Practitioners 160 Sarcomas Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory/Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Oncology Assessment Principles of Cancer Treatment Leukemia Lymphoma Central Nervous System Tumors Neuroblastoma Wilms Tumor Sarcomas Section 22 Nephrology and Urology 161 Nephrology and Urology Assessment Renal Physiology Clinical Manifestations History and Physical Examination Diagnostic Studies Laboratory Studies Imaging Studies Pearls for Practitioners 162 Nephrotic Syndrome and Proteinuria Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Complications Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 163 Glomerulonephritis and Hematuria Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Prognosis and Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 164 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment and Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 165 Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Acute Kidney Injury Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Prognosis Chronic Kidney Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 166 Hypertension Definition Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 167 Vesicoureteral Reflux Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Management Pearls for Practitioners 168 Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract Etiology and Epidemiology Abnormal Kidney Structure Abnormal Kidney Position Abnormal Urinary Tract Pearls for Practitioners 169 Other Urinary Tract and Genital Disorders* Urinary Stone Disease Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Voiding Dysfunction Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Disorders of the Penis Etiology Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Disorders of the Scrotum and its Contents Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Complications Treatment Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Nephrology and Urology Assessment Nephrotic Syndrome and Proteinuria Glomerulonephritis and Hematuria Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Hypertension Vesicoureteral Reflux Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract Other Urinary Tract and Genital Disorders Section 23 Endocrinology 170 Endocrinology Assessment Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Pearls for Practitioners 171 Diabetes Mellitus Definition Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Treatment Hyperglycemia Acidosis Electrolyte Imbalances Monitoring Complications Transition to Outpatient Management Honeymoon Period Outpatient Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Management Goals Insulin Regimens Blood Glucose Testing Insulin Pumps, Continuous Glucose Monitors, and Closed-Loop Systems Nutrition Long-Term Glycemic Control Complications Other Disorders Special Problems: Hypoglycemia Prognosis Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis Therapy Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth (MODY) Pearls for Practitioners 172 Hypoglycemia Definition Clinical Manifestations Sequelae Pathophysiology Hormonal Signal Hyperinsulinemia Factitious Hyperinsulinemia Defects in Counter-Regulatory Hormones Energy Stores Idiopathic Ketotic Hypoglycemia Disrupted Metabolic Response Pathways Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Fatty Acid Oxidation Other Metabolic Disorders Medications and Intoxication Diagnosis Emergency Management Pearls for Practitioners 173 Short Stature Growth Growth Hormone Physiology Measurement of Growth Endocrine Evaluation of Growth Hormone Secretion Abnormalities of Growth Short Stature Caused by Growth Hormone Deficiency Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Other Causes of Short Stature Diagnosis Pearls for Practitioners 174 Disorders of Puberty Physiology Delayed Puberty Constitutional Delay in Growth and Adolescence Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Isolated Gonadotropin Deficiency Abnormalities of the Central Nervous System Acquired Causes of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism Primary Amenorrhea Evaluation Treatment Sexual Precocity Classification Central Precocious Puberty (GnRH-Dependent Precocious Puberty) GnRH-Independent Precocious Puberty Evaluation of Sexual Precocity Treatment Variations in Pubertal Development Isolated Premature Thelarche (Premature Breast Development) Gynecomastia Isolated Premature Adrenarche (Pubarche) Pearls for Practitioners 175 Thyroid Disease Thyroid Physiology and Development Thyroid Disorders Hypothyroidism Congenital Hypothyroidism Acquired Hypothyroidism Hashimoto Thyroiditis Hyperthyroidism Graves Disease Clinical Manifestations Treatment Drugs Radioiodine Surgery Thyroid Storm Congenital Hyperthyroidism Nodules/Tumors of the Thyroid Pearls for Practitioners 176 Disorders of Parathyroid Bone and Mineral Endocrinology Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D Hypocalcemia Rickets Pearls for Practitioners 177 Disorders of Sexual Development Normal Sexual Development Classification Abnormal Sexual Development 46,XX Disorders of Sexual Development 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development Sex Chromosome and Ovotesticular Disorders of Sexual Development Approach to the Infant with Genital Ambiguity Diagnosis Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 178 Adrenal Gland Dysfunction Physiology Adrenal Insufficiency 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Other Enzyme Defects Addison Disease Cushing Syndrome Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Endocrinology Assessment Diabetes Mellitus Hypoglycemia Short Stature Disorders of Puberty Thyroid Disease Disorders of Parathyroid Bone and Mineral Endocrinology Disorders of Sexual Development Adrenal Gland Dysfunction Section 24 Neurology 179 Neurology Assessment History Physical Examination Neurologic Examination of a Neonate Mental Status Reflexes Motor Examination and Tone Neurologic Examination of a Child Mental Status and Developmental Evaluation Cranial Nerve Evaluation Cranial Nerve I Cranial Nerve II Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI Cranial Nerve V Cranial Nerve VII Cranial Nerve VIII Cranial Nerves IX and X Cranial Nerve XI Cranial Nerve XII Motor Examination Tone Bulk Strength Coordination Gait Reflexes Sensory Examination Special Diagnostic Procedures Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Electroencephalography Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies Neuroimaging Pearls for Practitioners 180 Headache and Migraine Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 181 Seizures Etiology and Epidemiology Focal Seizures Generalized Seizures Absence Seizures Atypical Absence, Myoclonic, and Atonic Seizures Febrile Seizures Psychogenic Nonepileptic Events Epilepsy Syndromes Status Epilepticus Laboratory and Diagnostic Evaluation Long-Term Therapy Pearls for Practitioners 182 Weakness and Hypotonia Etiology Clinical Manifestations Disease of the Upper Motor Neuron Etiology and Epidemiology Diseases of the Lower Motor Neuron Spinal Muscular Atrophy Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies Treatment Acute Flaccid Myelitis Peripheral Neuropathy Guillain-Barré Syndrome Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy Tick Paralysis Myasthenia Gravis Juvenile Myasthenia Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes Diagnostic Studies Infant Botulism Muscular Dystrophy Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies Treatment Myotonic Dystrophy Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Other Forms of Childhood Muscle Disease Metabolic Myopathies Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies Malignant Hyperthermia Neonatal and Infantile Hypotonia Hypotonia Without Significant Weakness (Central Hypotonia) Stroke in Childhood Etiology Clinical Manifestations Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests and Imaging Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 183 Ataxia and Movement Disorders Ataxia Clinical Manifestations Etiologies Movement Disorders Pearls for Practitioners 184 Altered Mental Status Disorders of Consciousness Acute Disorders of Consciousness Assessment Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Diagnostic Imaging Treatment Prognosis Transient, Recurrent Depression of Consciousness Increased Intracranial Pressure Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies Treatment of Elevated Intracranial Pressure Traumatic Brain Injury Concussion Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Skull Fractures Other Complications of Head Trauma Evaluation and Treatment Prognosis Pearls for Practitioners 185 Neurodegenerative Disorders Hereditary and Metabolic Degenerative Diseases Sphingolipidoses Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses Adrenoleukodystrophy Mucopolysaccharidoses Mitochondrial Disorders Rett Syndrome Degenerative Diseases with Focal Manifestations Acquired Illnesses Mimicking Degenerative Diseases Pearls for Practitioners 186 Neurocutaneous Disorders Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Etiology Clinical Manifestations Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Etiology Clinical Manifestations Sturge-Weber Syndrome Pearls for Practitioners 187 Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Studies Treatment and Prevention Congenital Malformations of the Brain Macrocephaly and Microcephaly Disorders of Neuronal Migration Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners 179 Neurology Assessment 180 Headache and Migraine 181 Seizures 182 Weakness and Hypotonia 183 Ataxia and Movement Disorders 184 Altered Mental Status 185 Neurodegenerative Disorders 186 Neurocutaneous Disorders 187 Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System Section 25 Dermatology 188 Dermatology Assessment History Physical Examination Common Manifestations Initial Diagnostic Evaluation and Tests Pearls for Practitioners 189 Acne Vulgaris Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 190 Atopic Dermatitis Etiology Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prognosis Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 191 Contact Dermatitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Complications Prevention Pearls for Practitioners 192 Seborrheic Dermatitis Etiology Clinical Manifestations Laboratory and Imaging Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Prevention Other Papulosquamous Dermatoses Pityriasis Rosea Psoriasis Pearls for Practitioners 193 Pigmented Lesions Dermal Melanocytosis Café-Au-Lait Macules Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Acquired Melanocytic Nevi Pearls for Practitioners 194 Vascular Anomalies Vascular Tumors Infantile Hemangiomas Pyogenic Granuloma Vascular Malformations Port-Wine Stain Pearls for Practitioners 195 Erythema Multiforme, Reactive Infectious Mucocutaneous Eruption, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolys ... Erythema Multiforme Reactive Infectious Mucocutaneous Eruption Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Pearls for Practitioners 196 Cutaneous Infestations Scabies Pediculoses Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Dermatology Assessment Acne Vulgaris Atopic Dermatitis Contact Dermatitis Seborrheic Dermatitis Pigmented Lesions Vascular Anomalies Erythema Multiforme, Reactive Infectious Mucocutaneous Eruption, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Cutaneous Infestations Section 26 Orthopedics 197 Orthopedics Assessment Growth and Development Developmental Milestones Infants Gait Limping Child Pearls for Practitioners 198 Fractures Pediatric Fracture Patterns Physeal Fractures Management of Pediatric Fractures Special Concerns Remodeling Overgrowth Progressive Deformity Neurovascular Injury Compartment Syndrome Toddler’s Fracture Child Abuse Pearls for Practitioners 199 Hip Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Etiology Clinical Manifestations Radiographic Evaluation Treatment Complications Transient Monoarticular Synovitis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation Treatment Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Treatment and Prognosis Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Etiology and Epidemiology Classification Clinical Manifestation Radiologic Evaluation Treatment Complications Pearls for Practitioners 200 Lower Extremity and Knee Torsional Variations In-Toeing Femoral Anteversion Internal Tibial Torsion Treatment of In-Toeing Out-Toeing External Tibial Torsion Angular Variations Genu Valgum Genu Varum Tibia Vara (Blount Disease) Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Treatment Leg-Length Discrepancy Measuring Leg-Length Discrepancy Treatment Knee Discoid Lateral Meniscus Popliteal Cyst Osteochondritis Dissecans Osgood-Schlatter Disease Patellofemoral Disorders Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Pearls for Practitioners 201 Foot Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) Etiology Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Treatment Metatarsus Adductus Clinical Manifestations Treatment Calcaneovalgus Foot Hypermobile Pes Planus (Flexible Flatfoot) Clinical Manifestations Treatment Tarsal Coalition Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Treatment Cavovarus Foot Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis Sever Disease (Calcaneal Apophysitis) Clinical Manifestations Treatment Toe Deformities Pearls for Practitioners 202 Spine Spinal Deformities Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Scoliosis Idiopathic Scoliosis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Congenital Scoliosis Neuromuscular Scoliosis Compensatory Scoliosis Kyphosis Postural Kyphosis Scheuermann Kyphosis Congenital Kyphosis Torticollis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation Treatment Back Pain in Children Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations and Management Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Etiology and Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Treatment Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis SpondylodisKitis Clinical Manifestations Radiologic Evaluation Treatment Pearls for Practitioners 203 Upper Extremity Shoulder Sprengel Deformity Clavicular Fractures Brachial Plexus Injuries Glenohumeral Dislocation Overuse Injuries Proximal Humeral Epiphysiolysis Elbow Radial Head Subluxation Panner Disease Throwing Injuries in the Elbow Wrist and Hand Finger Abnormalities Pearls for Practitioners 204 Benign Bone Tumors and Cystic Lesions Pearls for Practitioners Suggested Readings Pearls for Practitioners Orthopedics Assessment Fractures Hip Lower Extremity and Knee Foot Spine Upper Extremity Benign Bone Tumors and Cystic Lesions Index
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