Neglected Diseases in Monkeys: From the Monkey-Human Interface to One Health

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: An Introduction to One Health and Neglected Diseases in Monkeys
	References
Chapter 2: Ethnoprimatology: Assessing How the Interface Between Humans and Monkeys Influences Infectious Agent Transmission
	2.1 Ethnoprimatology and the Multispecies-ness of the Twenty-First Century
	2.2 Contemporary Ecology, Niches, and Mutual Co-Ecologies: A Baseline for Assessing Infectious Agent Transmission Between Othe...
	2.3 Human-Monkey Interfaces and the Contexts for Infectious Agent Transmission
	2.4 Padangtegal and Gibraltar: The Basal Context Necessary to Engage Human-Monkey Interface Analyses
	2.5 Assessing Dynamic Interfaces
	References
Chapter 3: Monkey Health Is a Team Sport
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Layers of Complexity
		3.2.1 Pathogen Diversity
		3.2.2 Diversity of Monkey Hosts
		3.2.3 Ecological Interfaces
		3.2.4 Detecting and Measuring Disease
	3.3 Team Science: A Good Idea, But an Implementation Challenge
		3.3.1 Team Science in the Medical Professions
		3.3.2 Team Science and Environmental Health
		3.3.3 Team Science and Infectious Disease Research
	References
Chapter 4: Mycobacterial Infections in Monkeys
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The MTBC
		4.2.1 Species Affected
		4.2.2 Mycobacterial Infections in Captive Neotropical Primates
		4.2.3 TB in Captive Populations: Zoos and Biomedical Facilities
		4.2.4 Signs and Symptoms
		4.2.5 Immunity in Mycobacterial Infections
		4.2.6 Old and New Diagnostic Approaches
		4.2.7 Control and Prevention
	4.3 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
		4.3.1 NTM in Monkeys
	4.4 Mycobacterium leprae
		4.4.1 Mycobacterium leprae in Monkeys
	4.5 Mycobacteria and One Health
	References
Chapter 5: Pathogenic Spirochetes in Monkeys: Stealthy Pathogens of Global Importance
	5.1 Introduction to Spirochetes
		5.1.1 Borrelia
		5.1.2 Leptospira
		5.1.3 Treponema
	5.2 Other Treponematoses in NHPs
	5.3 One Health
	References
Chapter 6: Chlamydia Infections in Nonhuman Primates
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Biology of Chlamydia
	6.3 Chlamydia trachomatis
		6.3.1 Trachoma
		6.3.2 Urogenital Infection
	6.4 NHPs as Translational Models
	6.5 One Health and Chlamydia
	References
Chapter 7: Antimicrobial Stewardship in Captive Monkeys
	7.1 The Growing Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance
	7.2 The One Health Interface
	7.3 Important Antimicrobials in One Health
	7.4 Antimicrobial Use in Monkeys
	7.5 Epidemiology and Ecology of Antimicrobial Resistance
		7.5.1 Cellular Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance
		7.5.2 Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance via Selective Pressure at the Bacterial Level
		7.5.3 Introduction of Antimicrobial Resistance
		7.5.4 Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance
	7.6 Detecting Antimicrobial Resistance
	7.7 Comparative Impacts and Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance
		7.7.1 Campylobacter
		7.7.2 Escherichia coli
		7.7.3 Mycobacterium
		7.7.4 Salmonella
		7.7.5 Shigella
		7.7.6 Staphylococcus
		7.7.7 Streptococcus
		7.7.8 Yersinia
	7.8 Antimicrobial Stewardship
	7.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 8: Low Incidence, High Lethality or Higher Incidence, Lower Lethality: What We Know and Don´t Know About Zoonotic Maca...
	8.1 Herpesviruses of Nonhuman PrimatesNonhuman primates (NHPs)
	8.2 Monkeys and One Health
	8.3 Biology of BV in Macaques
	8.4 Molecular Biology of BV
	8.5 Zoonotic BV Infections
	8.6 Other Cross-Species BV Infections
	8.7 Diagnosis of BV Infections
	8.8 Perceptions and Misperceptions of Risk
	8.9 Information Gaps and Why They Matter for One Health
	References
Chapter 9: Morbillivirus Infections in Non-human Primates: From Humans to Monkeys and Back Again
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Morbilliviruses
	9.3 Morbillivirus Epidemiology
		9.3.1 Measles Outbreaks in Captive NHP Colonies
			9.3.1.1 Measles Outbreaks in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
			9.3.1.2 Measles Outbreaks in Other Macaque Species
			9.3.1.3 Measles Outbreaks in Other NHP Species
			9.3.1.4 Measles Severity in NHPs
		9.3.2 Ecotourism Endangering Wild NHPs
		9.3.3 Distemper Outbreaks in Captive Monkey Colonies
			9.3.3.1 Distemper Outbreaks in Macaques
			9.3.3.2 Distemper Mortality in Macaques
	9.4 Macaque Model for Measles Pathogenesis
		9.4.1 Alternative Measles Animal Models
		9.4.2 Measles Pathogenesis
			9.4.2.1 MV Receptors In Vivo
			9.4.2.2 MV Entry of the Host
			9.4.2.3 MV Clearance from the Host
			9.4.2.4 MV Transmission to the Subsequent Host
			9.4.2.5 Measles-Associated Immune Suppression in NHPs
	9.5 Macaque Model for Vaccine Evaluation
		9.5.1 Alternative Measles Vaccines
		9.5.2 Alternative Measles Vaccine Administration Routes
	9.6 Crossing the Species Barrier
		9.6.1 Measles Eradication
		9.6.2 Post-measles Eradication Era and Implications for One Health
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Simian Foamy Viruses: Infections in Human and Nonhuman Primate Hosts
	10.1 Introduction to Virology and Retrovirology
	10.2 Foamy Viruses (FV)
	10.3 Foamy Virus (FV) Replication
		10.3.1 FV Replication In Vitro
		10.3.2 FV Replication In Vivo
	10.4 Detection of Foamy Virus (FV) Infections
	10.5 Simian Foamy Virus (SFV) Evolution
	10.6 Foamy Virus Transmission
	10.7 SFV Infection of Natural Hosts
	10.8 Human-NHP Interactions and SFV Zoonotic Transmissions
	10.9 Goals for Current and Future SFV Research
	10.10 One Health and SFV, the most Commonly Zoonotically Transmitted Retrovirus
	References
Chapter 11: Rabies in Nonhuman Primates and Potential Risks for Humans
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Diagnosis of Rabies
	11.3 SusceptibilitySusceptibility of NHPsNonhuman primates (NHPs) to Experimental Infection with RABVRabies virus (RABV)
	11.4 Reports of Natural Infection in NHPsNonhuman primates (NHPs) (Figs. 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5)
		11.4.1 South America, Central America, and the Caribbean
		11.4.2 AfricaAfrica
		11.4.3 Asia and the Middle East
	11.5 Rabies in Humans Following Exposure to NHPsNonhuman primates (NHPs) (Figs. 11.3, 11.4, and 11.5)
	11.6 NHP-Related Injuries in Humans and Risk of Rabies
	11.7 Rabies, One HealthOne Health, and MonkeysMonkeys
	References
Chapter 12: Reston Ebolavirus in Macaques
	12.1 Virus
		12.1.1 RESTV Classification
		12.1.2 Virus Genome and Proteins
	12.2 Epidemiology of RESTV
		12.2.1 Epidemiology of RESTV in Monkeys
		12.2.2 Role of Pigs in RESTV Epidemiology
		12.2.3 Coinfections
	12.3 Pathology of RESTV Infections in Monkeys
	12.4 Laboratory Diagnosis of RESTV
		12.4.1 Virus Detection Assays
		12.4.2 Serological Assays for the Diagnosis of RESTV Infection
	12.5 Reservoir of RESTV
	12.6 One Health and Risk Factors to Humans
	12.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 13: Global Diversity and Distribution of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Monkeys
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Getting Down and Dirty with Soil-Transmitted Helminths
		13.1.2 The Study of Soil-Transmitted Helminths Is No ``Monkey Business´´
		13.1.3 Worming into the Anthropocene
		13.1.4 Monkeying Around with Soil-Transmitted Helminths
	13.2 Methods
		13.2.1 Data Collection
		13.2.2 Principal Components Analysis
		13.2.3 Statistical Models
	13.3 Results
		13.3.1 Richness of STH in Monkeys
		13.3.2 Prevalence of STH in Monkeys
	13.4 Discussion
		13.4.1 Biogeographical and Environmental Determinants of STH Infection
		13.4.2 Human Dimensions in STH Infection
		13.4.3 Host-Related Factors in STH Infection
		13.4.4 Connecting the Dots Between STH and Their Primate Hosts
	References
Chapter 14: Larval Tapeworm Infections in Primates: Coenurosis, Cysticercosis, and Echinococcosis
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Evolutionary History and Classification
	14.3 Life Cycle
	14.4 Taeniids in Primates
	14.5 Case Study: Taenia serialis in Geladas
		14.5.1 Pathogenesis and Fitness Effects
		14.5.2 Host Manipulation
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Trypanosomiasis and Filariasis
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Trypanosomiasis
		15.2.1 Trypanosomes in NHPs
			15.2.1.1 Zoonotic Potential of NHP Trypanosomes
			15.2.1.2 Diversity and Occurrence of Trypanosomes in NHPs
			15.2.1.3 Leishmania Parasites in NHPs
	15.3 Filariasis
		15.3.1 Filarial Parasites in NHPs
			15.3.1.1 Diversity of Filarial Parasites in NHPs
			15.3.1.2 Zoonotic Potential of NHP Filarial Parasites
		15.3.2 Infectious Diseases and NHP Zoonoses
	References
Chapter 16: Forming, Storming and Norming Your Way Into One Health: The Gombe Case Study
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Problem Formulation and Conceptual Mapping
	16.3 Stakeholder Consideration
	16.4 Team Formulation and Practice
	References
Index