Necessity, proportionality, and the use of force by states

Contents......Page 11
Foreword......Page 14
Introduction......Page 27
Necessity and ius ad bellum......Page 30
Necessity and ius in bello......Page 33
Proportionality prior to the United Nations Charter......Page 34
Proportionality and the Charter regime on the use of force......Page 36
Proportionality and the Charter ius ad bellum......Page 37
Proportionality and IHL under the United Nations Charter......Page 40
Underlying basis of proportionality in the modern era......Page 42
The practical significance of necessity and proportionality in modern times......Page 45
Introduction......Page 54
Necessity......Page 58
Proportionality......Page 59
War as a sovereign right of States: the demise of ius ad bellum......Page 64
The revival of ius ad bellum in the twentieth century......Page 70
Measures short of war......Page 72
Proportionality and the emerging independent ius in bello......Page 75
Proportionality and IHL between the two World Wars......Page 79
Conclusion......Page 83
Introduction......Page 85
Developments in weapons control......Page 86
The ambit of the prohibition on superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering......Page 93
The suppression of breaches of the requirements of proportionality with respect to combatants......Page 101
Conclusion......Page 110
Introduction......Page 111
Background to the adoption of the rule of proportionality in Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions......Page 114
Indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks......Page 119
Precautions in attack......Page 122
The component parts of the proportionality equation......Page 124
The determination of 'excessive' collateral damage......Page 128
Standard of application......Page 131
The Protocol rule of proportionality in practice......Page 133
The travaux préparatoires......Page 135
State practice subsequent to the adoption of Additional Protocol I......Page 136
Proportionality and non-international armed conflicts......Page 147
Protocol II to the Conventional Weapons Convention......Page 153
The suppression of breaches of the requirements of proportionality in IHL......Page 154
Conclusion......Page 161
Introduction......Page 164
The scope of self-defence under the UN Charter: Article 51......Page 167
Self-defence against an armed attack......Page 168
Anticipatory self-defence......Page 172
Humanitarian intervention......Page 173
Self-defence against an armed attack......Page 174
Anticipatory self-defence......Page 179
The content of proportionality in self-defence under the United Nations Charter......Page 181
The aims of self-defence......Page 182
The response in self-defence......Page 185
Factors relevant to assessing the proportionality of the response in self-defence......Page 188
Anticipatory self-defence and proportionality......Page 205
State-sponsored terrorism and proportionality......Page 206
Humanitarian intervention......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 212
Introduction......Page 214
Collective actions involving the use of force......Page 220
Ius ad bellum of enforcement actions......Page 225
Enforcement actions and IHL......Page 238
Responsibility for the acts of Chapter VII forces......Page 248
Bibliography......Page 256
Index......Page 273