Nature and Grace: Selections from the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas

Info for First-time Users......Page 0
Aquinas on Nature and Grace......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
General Editors Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
General Editors' Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
General Introduction......Page 18
Art. 1: Whether another doctrine is necessary, besides the philosophical sciences......Page 32
Art. 2: Whether sacred doctrine is a science......Page 34
Art. 3: Whether sacred doctrine is a single science......Page 35
Art. 4: Whether sacred doctrine is a practical science......Page 36
Art. 5: Whether sacred doctrine is nobler than other sciences......Page 37
Art. 6: Whether sacred doctrine is wisdom......Page 38
Art. 7: Whether God is the subject of this science......Page 40
Art. 8: Whether sacred doctrine proceeds by argument......Page 41
Art. 9: Whether sacred doctrine should use metaphors......Page 43
Art. 10: Whether one passage of sacred Scripture may have several interpretations......Page 45
Art. 1: Whether it is self-evident that God exists......Page 47
Art. 2: Whether God's existence can be demonstrated......Page 49
Art. 3: Whether God exists......Page 50
Q. 3: Of the Simple Nature of God......Page 53
Art. 1: Whether God is a body......Page 54
Art. 2: Whether there is composition of form and matter in God......Page 56
Art. 3: Whether God is the same as his essence, or nature......Page 57
Art. 4: Whether essence and existence are the same in God......Page 59
Art. 5: Whether God belongs to a genus......Page 60
Art. 6: Whether there is any accident in God......Page 62
Art. 7: Whether God is altogether simple......Page 63
Art. 8: Whether God enters into the composition of other things......Page 65
Art. 1: Whether God is perfect......Page 67
Art. 2: Whether the perfections of all things are in God......Page 69
Art. 3: Whether any creature can be like God......Page 70
Q. 20: The Love of God......Page 74
Art. 1: Whether there is love in God......Page 75
Art. 2: Whether God loves all things......Page 77
Art. 3: Whether God loves all things equally......Page 79
Art. 4: Whether God always loves better things the more......Page 80
Art. 1: Whether there is justice in God......Page 83
Art. 2: Whether God's justice is truth......Page 85
Art. 3: Whether there is mercy in God......Page 86
Art. 4: Whether justice and mercy are present in all God's works......Page 87
Q. 22: Of Divine Providence......Page 89
Art. 1: Whether providence is appropriately ascribed to God......Page 90
Art. 2: Whether all things are under divine providence......Page 91
Art. 3: Whether God provides for all things directly......Page 95
Art. 4: Whether providence imposes a necessity on what it provides......Page 96
Art. 1: Whether men are predestined by God......Page 98
Art. 2: Whether predestination implies anything in the predestined......Page 100
Art. 3: Whether God rejects any man......Page 102
Art. 4: Whether the predestined are chosen by God......Page 103
Art. 5: Whether the foreknowledge of merits is the cause of predestination......Page 105
Art. 6: Whether predestination is certain......Page 109
Art. 7: Whether the number of the predestined is certain......Page 110
Art. 8: Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the devout......Page 113
Art. 1: Whether original sin is a habit......Page 116
Art. 2: Whether there are many original sins in one man......Page 118
Art. 3: Whether original sin is desire......Page 119
Art. 4: Whether original sin is in all men equally......Page 121
Art. 1: Whether sin diminishes natural good......Page 122
Art. 2: Whether the whole good of human nature can be destroyed by sin......Page 124
Art. 3: Whether weakness, ignorance, malice, and desire are rightly named as the wounds of nature due to sin......Page 126
Art. 4: Whether privation of mode, species, and order is the effect of sin......Page 128
Art. 5: Whether death and other defects of the body are the effects of sin......Page 129
Art. 6: Whether death and other defects are natural to man......Page 131
Art. 1: Whether a man can know any truth without grace......Page 134
Art. 2: Whether a man can will or do good without grace......Page 137
Art. 3: Whether a man can love God above all things by his natural powers alone, without grace......Page 139
Art. 4: Whether a man can fulfil the commandment of the law by his natural powers, without grace......Page 141
Art. 5: Whether a man can merit eternal life, without grace......Page 142
Art. 6: Whether without grace a man can prepare himself for grace......Page 143
Art. 7: Whether a man can rise from sin without the help of grace......Page 146
Art. 8: Whether a man can avoid sin, without grace......Page 147
Art. 9: Whether, after receiving grace, a man can do good and avoid sin, without further help of grace......Page 150
Art. 10: Whether a man in grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere......Page 151
Art. 1: Whether grace denotes something in the soul......Page 153
Art. 2: Whether grace is a quality of the soul......Page 156
Art. 3: Whether grace is the same as virtue......Page 157
Art. 4: Whether grace is in the soul's essence as its subject, or in one of its powers......Page 159
Art. 1: Whether grace is appropriately divided into sanctifying grace and free grace......Page 161
Art. 2: Whether grace is appropriately divided into operative and co-operative grace......Page 163
Art. 3: Whether grace is appropriately divided into prevenient and subsequent grace......Page 165
Art. 4: Whether free grace is appropriately divided by the Apostle......Page 167
Art. 5: Whether free grace is nobler than sanctifying grace......Page 169
Art. 1: Whether God is the sole cause of grace......Page 171
Art. 2: Whether a preparation or disposition for grace is required on the part of man......Page 172
Art. 3: Whether grace is bound to be given to one who prepares himself for grace, or who does what he can......Page 174
Art. 4: Whether grace is greater in one man than in another......Page 176
Art. 5: Whether a man can know that he has grace......Page 177
Q. 113: The Effects of Grace......Page 179
Art. 1: Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins......Page 180
Art. 2: Whether an infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, which is the justification of the ungodly......Page 182
Art. 3: Whether a movement of the free will is required for the justification of the ungodly......Page 183
Art. 4: Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly......Page 185
Art. 5: Whether a movement of the free will against sin is required for the justification of the ungodly......Page 187
Art. 6: Whether the remission of sins should be numbered with the things required for the justification of the ungodly......Page 189
Art. 7: Whether the justification of the ungodly is achieved instantaneously or gradually......Page 190
Art. 8: Whether the infusion of grace is the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly, according to the order of nature......Page 194
Art. 9: Whether the justification of the ungodly is the greatest work of God......Page 196
Art. 10: Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miracle......Page 197
Q. 114: Concerning Merit, Which Is the Effect of Co-operative Grace......Page 199
Art. 1: Whether a man can merit anything from God......Page 200
Art. 2: Whether one can merit eternal life without grace......Page 202
Art. 3: Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly......Page 203
Art. 4: Whether grace is the principle of merit, through charity more principally than through other virtues......Page 205
Art. 5: Whether a man can merit the first grace for himself......Page 206
Art. 6: Whether a man can merit the first grace for another......Page 208
Art. 7: Whether a man can merit his restoration after a lapse......Page 209
Art. 8: Whether a man can merit an increase of grace or charity......Page 211
Art. 9: Whether a man can merit perseverance......Page 212
Art. 10: Whether temporal goods can be merited......Page 214
Art. 1: Whether the object of faith is the first truth......Page 216
Art. 2: Whether the object of faith is something complex, in the form of a proposition......Page 218
Art. 3: Whether what is false can be held in faith......Page 219
Art. 4: Whether the object of faith can be something seen......Page 221
Art. 5: Whether the things of faith can be known scientifically......Page 222
Art. 6: Whether matters of faith ought to be divided into certain articles......Page 224
Art. 7: Whether the articles of faith have increased with the passing of time......Page 227
Art. 8: Whether the articles of faith are appropriately enumerated......Page 230
Art. 9: Whether the articles of faith are appropriately set forth in a symbol......Page 233
Art. 10: Whether it is for the chief pontiff to draw up the symbol of the faith......Page 235
Q. 2: The Act of Faith......Page 237
Art. 1: Whether to believe is to think with assent......Page 238
Art. 2: Whether to believe God, to believe that there is a God, and to believe in God are rightly distinguished as acts of faith......Page 240
Art. 3: Whether, for salvation, it is necessary to believe anything which is beyond natural reason......Page 241
Art. 4: Whether it is necessary to believe such things as can be proved by natural reason......Page 243
Art. 5: Whether a man is required to believe anything explicitly......Page 244
Art. 6: Whether all men equally are required to have explicit faith......Page 246
Art. 7: Whether explicit belief in the mystery of the incarnation of Christ is necessary for the salvation of everybody......Page 248
Art. 8: Whether explicit belief in the Trinity is necessary for salvation......Page 251
Art. 9: Whether to believe is meritorious......Page 252
Art. 10: Whether a reason in support of the things of faith diminishes the merit of faith......Page 254
Art. 1: Whether confession is an act of faith......Page 256
Art. 2: Whether confession of faith is necessary for salvation......Page 258
Q. 4: The Virtue Itself of Faith......Page 259
Art. 1: Whether this is a satisfactory definition of faith: Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen......Page 260
Art. 2: Whether faith is in the intellect as its subject......Page 263
Art. 3: Whether charity is the form of faith......Page 265
Art. 4: Whether unformed faith can become formed, or vice versa......Page 266
Art. 5: Whether faith is a virtue......Page 268
Art. 6: Whether faith is a single virtue......Page 270
Art. 7: Whether faith is the first of the virtues......Page 271
Art. 8: Whether faith is more certain than science and the other intellectual virtues......Page 273
Art. 1: Whether angels and man had faith in their first state......Page 275
Art. 2: Whether devils have faith......Page 278
Art. 3: Whether one who disbelieves one article of faith can have unformed faith in the other articles......Page 279
Art. 4: Whether faith can be greater in one than in another......Page 281
Q. 6: The Cause of Faith......Page 282
Art. 1: Whether faith is infused into man by God......Page 283
Art. 2: Whether unformed faith is a gift of God......Page 284
Art. 1: Whether fear is an effect of faith......Page 286
Art. 2: Whether purification of the heart is an effect of faith......Page 288
Art. 1: Whether hope is a virtue......Page 290
Art. 2: Whether eternal blessedness is the proper object of hope......Page 292
Art. 3: Whether one can hope for the eternal blessedness of another......Page 293
Art. 4: Whether one may lawfully hope in man......Page 294
Art. 5: Whether hope is a theological virtue......Page 295
Art. 6: Whether hope is distinct from the other theological virtues......Page 297
Art. 7: Whether hope precedes faith......Page 298
Art. 8: Whether charity is prior to hope......Page 299
Art. 1: Whether hope is in the will as its subject......Page 301
Art. 2: Whether there is hope in the blessed......Page 302
Art. 3: Whether there is hope in the damned......Page 304
Art. 4: Whether the hope of wayfarers is certain......Page 306
Art. 1: Whether God can be feared......Page 307
Art. 2: Whether fear is appropriately divided into filial, initial, servile, and worldly fear......Page 308
Art. 3: Whether worldly fear is always evil......Page 310
Art. 4: Whether servile fear is good......Page 312
Art. 5: Whether servile fear is substantially the same as filial fear......Page 313
Art. 6: Whether servile fear remains when charity is present......Page 315
Art. 7: Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom......Page 316
Art. 8: Whether initial fear differs substantially from filial fear......Page 318
Art. 9: Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Spirit......Page 319
Art. 10: Whether fear diminishes as charity increases......Page 321
Art. 11: Whether fear remains in Heaven......Page 322
Art. 12: Whether poverty of spirit is the beatitude which corresponds to the gift of fear......Page 324
Art. 1: Whether despair is a sin......Page 326
Art. 2: Whether there can be despair without unbelief......Page 328
Art. 3: Whether despair is the greatest of sins......Page 330
Art. 4: Whether despair arises from listlessness......Page 331
Art. 1: Whether presumption relies on God, or on one's own power......Page 333
Art. 2: Whether presumption is a sin......Page 335
Art. 3: Whether presumption is opposed to fear rather than to hope......Page 336
Art. 4: Whether presumption is caused by vainglory......Page 338
Art. 1: Whether charity is friendship......Page 339
Art. 2: Whether charity is something created in the soul......Page 341
Art. 3: Whether charity is a virtue......Page 343
Art. 4: Whether charity is a specific virtue......Page 345
Art. 5: Whether charity is a single virtue......Page 346
Art. 6: Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues......Page 347
Art. 7: Whether there can be any true virtue without charity......Page 349
Art. 8: Whether charity is the form of the virtues......Page 351
Q. 27: Of the Principal Act of Charity, Which is to Love......Page 352
Art. 1: Whether to be loved is more proper to charity than to love......Page 353
Art. 2: Whether the love which is an act of charity is the same as benevolence......Page 354
Art. 3: Whether by charity God is to be loved on account of himself......Page 356
Art. 4: Whether God can be loved immediately in this life......Page 357
Art. 5: Whether God can be loved wholly......Page 359
Art. 6: Whether love to God ought to have a mode......Page 360
Art. 7: Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than to love a friend......Page 362
Art. 8: Whether it is more meritorious to love one's neighbour than to love God......Page 363
Bibliography......Page 366
Biblical References......Page 372
Index of References to Other Authors and Sources......Page 377