Natural Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Political Economy Perspective

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
List of Tables and Figures......Page 12
List of Abbreviations......Page 13
Preface......Page 16
Foreword......Page 20
Notes on the Contributors......Page 25
Part I: Land Relations and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region......Page 28
1.1 Land and development: a disputed relationship......Page 30
1.2 Access to land in the Great Lakes Region: from local to global challenges......Page 31
1.3 Agrarian reforms: is there a future for small-scale farming?......Page 39
1.4 Land reforms: operating in a context of legal pluralism......Page 43
1.5 Conclusion......Page 46
Notes......Page 48
References......Page 49
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2 Land practices in South Kivu: operating between custom and law......Page 55
2.3 Three case studies......Page 58
2.4 Decentralisation in the DRC: an opportunity for locally embedded land management and dispute settlement......Page 68
Notes......Page 73
References......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 76
3.2 The territory of Aru: violent land conflicts in an obscure politico-commercial context......Page 77
3.3 Djugu and Irumu: land conflicts in the context of the Hema–Lendu conflict......Page 81
3.4 The overpopulation of Mahagi......Page 86
3.5 The illegal exploitation of the forest and land conflicts in Mambasa......Page 87
3.6 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 89
Notes......Page 90
References......Page 93
4.1 Introduction......Page 95
4.2 Land use and land property: a plurality of rules......Page 97
4.3 Customary leadership, state agents and plural norms on the Mokali site......Page 100
4.4 Vulnerability of gardeners and residents on the Mokali site......Page 102
4.5 Conclusion: an open moment for customary authorities, gardeners and the state......Page 105
Notes......Page 106
References......Page 108
5.1 Introduction......Page 110
5.2 Manipulated legality: the instrumental use of statutory law......Page 112
5.3 Eroded normativity: ancient customs in present-day reality......Page 115
5.4 Undefined policy: the non-response of Burundi’s elite......Page 119
5.5 Conclusion......Page 124
Notes......Page 126
References......Page 127
6.1 Introduction......Page 131
6.2 Research setting and methodology......Page 132
6.3 Externally induced policies imposed on the local level......Page 135
6.4 Land dynamics as social relations: the impact of land-sharing and villagisation policies on the social fabric......Page 142
6.5 Conclusion......Page 145
Notes......Page 146
References......Page 147
7.1 Introduction......Page 150
7.2 Socio-economic dynamics at the local level......Page 153
7.3 The impact of national policies: why do small-scale peasants participate so little in growth strategies?......Page 157
7.4 Conclusions: different layers of pro-poor growth......Page 166
Notes......Page 169
References......Page 170
Part II: Mineral Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region......Page 174
8.1 Mining and development: a disputed relationship......Page 176
8.2 Congo’s minerals: their importance in globalisation and national development......Page 178
8.3 Congo’s political economy: drifting between industrial and artisanal mining......Page 184
8.4 Industrial and artisanal mining: coexistence, limits and opportunities......Page 188
8.5 Conclusion: livelihoods of artisanal miners and global interests in Congo......Page 191
Notes......Page 193
References......Page 194
9.1 Introduction......Page 197
9.2 Historical background......Page 200
9.3 Contemporary mining in the Kilo belt......Page 203
9.4 The trade in the Kilo belt’s gold......Page 208
9.5 Conclusion......Page 212
Notes......Page 214
References......Page 215
10.1 Introducing agency and constraints......Page 219
10.2 The historical trajectory of a mining town......Page 220
10.3 Agency and constraints in exploitation and trade......Page 225
10.4 Conclusion......Page 237
References......Page 239
11.1 Introduction......Page 242
11.2 ‘Bulongo ni ya bankambo’: the mine of Mbola......Page 247
11.3 ‘Bulongo ni ya bankambo’: the mine of Kalabi......Page 254
11.4 Conclusion......Page 260
References......Page 261
12.1 Introduction......Page 264
12.2 The Congolese political economy: extraversion, shocks and fragile recovery......Page 265
12.3 Analysis of the 2007 ‘Protocol’ and the 2008 ‘Convention’......Page 267
12.4 Revision of the agreement......Page 272
12.5 Conclusion......Page 275
Notes......Page 276
References......Page 277
Index......Page 279