Natural products of Silk Road plants

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Introduction
Section II: Eastern Asia
	Mongolia
		1. Medicinal Plants of Mongolia
			Introduction
				Edible Plants Documented In the Secret History of Mongols
					Allium Microdictyon Prokh. [Amaryllidaceae]
					Allium Senescens L. [Amaryllidaceae]
					Lilium Pumilum Delile [Liliaceae]
					Padus Asiatica L. (Rosaceae) Synonym Prunus Padus
					Potentilla Anserina L. [Rosaceae]
					Sanguisorba Officinalis L. (Rosaceae)
					Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L. [Ericaceae]
				Plants Important For Liver Disorders
					Achillea Asiatica Serg. [Asteraceae]
					Dianthus Versicolor Fisch. Ex Link. [Caryophyllaceae]
					Dianthus Superbus L. [Caryophyllaceae]
					Iris Potaninii Maxim. [Iridaceae]
					Leontopodium Leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd [Asteraceae]
					Oxytropis Myriophylla DC. [Fabaceae]
					Rhodiola Quadrifida Fisch. & Mey. [Crassulaceae]
					Rhodiola Rosea L. [Crassulaceae]
					Salsola Laricifolia Turcz. [Chenopodiaceae]
					Saussurea Amara Less [Asteraceae]
					Stellera Chamaejasme L. [Thymelaeaceae]
				Endemic and Rarely Reported Plants
					Adonis Mongolica Simanovich [Ranunculaceae]
					Astragalus Mongholicus Bunge [Fabaceae]
					Bidens Tripartita L. [Asteraceae]
					Equisetum Arvense L. [Equisetaceae]
					Gentiana Macrophylla Pall. [Gentianaceae]
					Oxytropis Muricata DC [Fabaceae]
					Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa Gontsch. Ex Grubov [Fabaceae]
					Thalictrum Foetidum L. [Ranunculaceae]
				Toxic Plants Containing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
					Cacalia Hastata L. [Asteraceae]
					Lappula Myosotis Moench
					Ligularia Sibirica (L.) Cass. [Compositae]
					Senecio Vulgaris L. [Compositae]
					Senecio Argunensis Turcz. [Compositae]
					Senecio Nemorensis (L.) [Compositae]
			References
	China
		2. Medicinal Plants of China Focusing on Tibet and Surrounding Regions
			Introduction
				Rheum Tanguticum Maximowiczex Regel-Polygonaceae
				Arenaria Kansuensis Maxim. – Caryophyllaceae
				Neopicrorhiza Scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D. Y. Hong-Scrophulariaceae
				Fritillaria Cirrhosa D. Don
				Przewalskia Tangutica Maximowicz– Solanaceae
				Lamiophlomis Rotata (Bentham Ex J. D. Hooker) Kudô– Lamiaceae
				Alcea Rosea Linnaeus – Malvaceae
				Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fischer Ex Candolle Prodr. – Fabaceae
				Angelica Sinensis (Oliver) Diels – Apiaceae
				Saussurea Involucrata (Kar. Et Kir.) Sch.-Bip. – Asteraceae
				Rhodiola Crenulata (Hook. F. Et Thoms.) H. Ohba– Crassulaceae
				Paris Polyphylla Var. Yunnanensis (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti– Liliaceae
				Arnebia Euchroma (Royle) I. M. Johnston – Boraginaceae
				Ophiocordyceps Sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora –Ophiocordycipitaceae
			References
Section III: Central and Southern Asia
	India
		3. Medicinal Plants of the Trans-Himalaya
			Geographical Location of Trans-Himalaya
			Ancient Silk Roads in the Region
			Terrain of the Trans-Himalaya
			Flora of Trans-Himalaya
			Flora of Ladakh and Lahaul-Spiti in Trans-Himalaya
			Five Plant Species from Ladakh in Trans-Himalaya
				Arnebia Benthamii
					Classification
					Distribution
					Morphology
					Traditional Uses
					Phytochemistry
					Bioactivity
				Hippophae Rhamnoides
					Classification
					Distribution
					Morphology
					Traditional Uses
					Phytochemistry
					Bioactivity
				Podophyllum Hexandrum
					Classification
					Distribution
					Morphology
					Traditional Uses
					Phytochemistry
					Bioactivity
					Bioactivity of Podophyllotoxin Derivatives
				Rheum Webbianum
					Classification
					Distribution
					Morphology
					Traditional Uses
					Phytochemistry
					Bioactivity
				Rhodiola Imbricata
					Classification
					Distribution
					Morphology
					Traditional Uses
					Phytochemistry
					Bioactivity
			Concluding Remarks
			References
	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
		4. Medicinal Plants of Central Asia
			Introduction
			Central Asian Medicinal Plants
			Conclusions
			References
	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
		5. Melons of Central Asia
			Historical Accounts of Wild Melon and the Development of Modern Cultivars
			Melon Storage and Processing
			Classification of the Melons of Central Asia
			Traditionally Bred Cultivars of Central Asian Melons
			Distribution of Melon Cultivars in Central Asia
			Biology and Morphology of Melons
			Chemical Composition of Melons
				Chemical Composition of Melon Pulp
				Chemical Composition of Melon Seeds
				Root, Stem, and Leaf Phytochemistry
			Medicinal Applications of Melons
			Conclusions
			References
	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
		6. Resources along the Silk Road in Central Asia: Lagochilus inebrians Bunge (Turkestan Mint) and Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa)
			The Genus Lagochilus and L. Inebrians (Turkestan Mint) In Central Asia
			Use of Lagochilus Species in Folk Medicine
			Documented Biological Activity of Lagochilus Species
			Phytochemistry of Lagochilus Species
			Summary
			Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) In Central Asia And Beyond
			Biogeography of Alfalfa
			Botanical Description
			Biology of Alfalfa
			Alfalfa as Fodder Plant
				Use of Alfalfa in Folk Medicine
			Documented Biological Effects of Alfalfa
				Alfalfa for Human Consumption
				Phytochemistry of Alfalfa
				Summary
			References
Section IV: Western Asia and the Middle East
	Iran
		7. An Overview of Important Endemic Plants and Their Products in Iran
			Introduction
			Important Endemic Plants and Their Products
			Spermatophytes – Angiosperms – Dicotyledons – Dialypetalae
			Spermatophytes – Angiosperms – Dicotyledons – Sympetalae
			Spermatophytes – Angiosperms – Dicotyledons – Monochlamideae
			Spermatophytes – Angiosperms – Monocotyledons
			Spermatophytes – Gymnosperms
			Cryptogamaes – Pteridophytes
			Cryptogamae: Non-Vascular Plants
			The Poppy Plant (Papaver Somniferum) In Iran
			References
	Iran
		8. Crocus sativus and the Prized Commodity, Saffron
			The Saffron Crocus
			Saffron: A Luxury Item Traded For Millennia
			Natural Products Chemistry
				Terpenes
				Carotenoids; Carotenes And Xanthophylls
				Carotene Carotenoids
				β-Carotene
				Lycopene
				Xanthophyll Carotenoids
					Lutein
			Human Health; Vitamin A, Retinol, And Retinal
			The Color of Carotenoids
			Summary
			References
			Suggested Further Reading
	Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan
		9. Natural Plant Dyes of Oriental Carpets
			History of Carpet Production
			Natural Dyes
			Where Do Natural Dyes Come From?
			Common Madder (Rubia Tinctorum) and Bright Red Alizarin
			True Indigo (Indigofera Tinctoria) and Navy-Blue Indigo
				Extraction Of Indigo
				Indigo and Dyeing Textiles
			Yellow Larkspur (Delphinium Semibarbatum) and Deep Yellow
				Flavonoids and Flavonols
			Summary
			References
	Iraq and Syria
		10. Wheat and Rice – Ancient and Modern Cereals
			Wheat
				Possible Origins of Ancient Wheat
				Principal Species of Wheat Cultivated In the Modern World
				Lignans as Germination Inhibitors in Triticum and Aegilops
				Health Benefits of Ancient and Modern Varieties of Wheat
					Phenolic Compounds
					Carotenoids
			Rice
				Ancient Trading Routes
				Origins of Rice Domestication and Cultivation
				Health Benefits Of Modern Varieties of Rice
			References
			Suggested Further Reading
	Georgia
		11. Ethnobotany of the Silk Road – Georgia, the Cradle of Wine
			Introduction
			Traditional Plant Use in Georgia
			Food Plants in Georgian Culture
				Viticulture
				Cereals
				Vegetables
				Tobacco
				Fruit
				Pickles
				Infusions
				Herbs
				Fungi
				Potato Leaves
				Nuts
				Phytochemical Studies
			Pharmacopoeia of Georgia
			Threats to Diversity
			Acknowledgments
			References
	Turkey
		12. Plants Endemic to Turkey Including the Genus Arnebia
			Introduction
			Endemic Plants of Turkey
			The Genus Arnebia
			Selected Examples of the Arnebia Genus
				Arnebia Decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kralik
				Arnebia Densiflora (Nordm.) Lebed. (EğNik-Sivas)
				Arnebia Pulchra (Roemer and Schultes) Edmondson
				Arnebia Linearifolia A. DC
				Arnebia Purpurea S. Erik & H. Sümbül
			Summary
			Acknowledgments
			References
Section V: Maritime Routes
	Sri Lanka
		13. Maritime Routes through Sri Lanka: Medicinal Plants and Spices
			The Importance of Sri Lanka along Land and Maritime Trade Routes
			The Spices of Sri Lanka
				Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum)
				Cloves (Syzygium Aromaticum)
				Cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum)
				Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum)
				Nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans)
				Gamboge (Garcinia Morella)
			Spice Products of Modern Sri Lanka
			Concluding Remarks
			References
Bibliography
Index