Natural Law and Natural Rights (Clarendon Law)

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 16
Part One......Page 18
I.1. The Formation of Concepts for Descriptive Social Science......Page 20
I.2. Attention to Practical Point......Page 23
I.3. Selection of Central Case and Focal Meaning......Page 26
I.4. Selection of Viewpoint......Page 28
I.5. The Theory of Natural Law......Page 35
Notes......Page 36
II.1. Natural Law and Theories of Natural Law......Page 40
II.2. Legal Validity and Morality......Page 42
II.3. The Variety of Human Opinions and Practices......Page 46
II.4. The Illicit Inference from Facts to Norms......Page 50
II.5. Hume and Clarke on ‘Is’ and ‘Ought’......Page 53
II.6. Clarke’s Antecedents......Page 59
II.8. Natural Law and the Existence and Will of God......Page 65
Notes......Page 67
Part Two......Page 74
III.1. An Example......Page 76
III.2. From Inclination to Grasp of Value......Page 77
III.3. Practical Principle and Participation in Value......Page 80
III.4. The Self-evidence of the Good of Knowledge......Page 81
III.5. ‘Object of Desire’ and Objectivity......Page 86
III.6. Scepticism about this Basic Value is Indefensible......Page 90
Notes......Page 92
IV.1. Theoretical Studies of ‘Universal’ Values......Page 98
IV.2. The Basic Forms of Human Good: A Practical Reflection......Page 102
IV.3. An Exhaustive List?......Page 107
IV.4. All Equally Fundamental......Page 109
IV.5. Is Pleasure the Point of It All?......Page 112
Notes......Page 114
V.1. The Good of Practical Reasonableness Structures Our Pursuit of Goods......Page 117
V.2. A Coherent Plan of Life......Page 120
V.3. No Arbitrary Preferences Amongst Values......Page 122
V.4. No Arbitrary Preferences Amongst Persons......Page 123
V.5. Detachment and Commitment......Page 126
V.6. The (Limited) Relevance of Consequences: Efficiency, Within Reason......Page 128
V.7. Respect for Every Basic Value in Every Act......Page 135
V.9. Following One’s Conscience......Page 142
V.10. The Product of these Requirements: Morality......Page 143
Notes......Page 144
VI.1. Reasonableness and Self-interest......Page 151
VI.2. Types of Unifying Relationship......Page 152
VI.3. ‘Business’ Community and ‘Play’ Community......Page 156
VI.4. Friendship......Page 158
VI.5. ‘Communism’ and ‘Subsidiarity’......Page 161
VI.6. Complete Community......Page 164
VI.7. The Existence of a Community......Page 167
VI.8. The Common Good......Page 171
Notes......Page 173
VII.1. Elements of Justice......Page 178
VII.2. General Justice......Page 181
VII.3. Distributive Justice......Page 182
VII.4. Criteria of Distributive Justice......Page 190
VII.5. Commutative Justice......Page 194
VII.6. Justice and the State......Page 201
VII.7. An Example of Justice: Bankruptcy......Page 205
Notes......Page 210
VIII.1. ‘Natural’, ‘Human’, or ‘Moral’ Rights......Page 215
VIII.2. An Analysis of Rights-talk......Page 216
VIII.3. Are Duties ‘Prior to’ Rights?......Page 222
VIII.4. Rights and the Common Good......Page 227
VIII.5. The Specification of Rights......Page 235
VIII.6. Rights and Equality of Concern and Respect......Page 238
VIII.7. Absolute Human Rights......Page 240
Notes......Page 243
IX.1. The Need for Authority......Page 248
IX.2. The Meanings of ‘Authority’......Page 250
IX.3. Formation of Conventions or Customary Rules......Page 255
IX.4. The Authority of Rulers......Page 262
IX.5. ‘Bound By Their Own Rules’?......Page 269
Notes......Page 271
X.1. Law and Coercion......Page 277
X.2. Unjust Punishment......Page 282
X.3. The Main Features of Legal Order......Page 283
X.4. The Rule of Law......Page 287
X.5. Limits of the Rule of Law......Page 290
X.6. A Definition of Law......Page 293
X.7. Derivation of ‘Positive’ from ‘Natural’ Law......Page 298
Notes......Page 308
XI.1. ‘Obligation’, ‘Ought’, and Rational Necessity......Page 314
XI.2. Promissory Obligation......Page 315
XI.3. Variable and Invariant Obligatory Force......Page 325
XI.4. ‘Legally Obligatory’: the Legal Sense and the Moral Sense......Page 331
XI.5. Contractual Obligation in Law: Performance or Compensation?......Page 337
XI.6. Legal Obligation in the Moral Sense: Performance or Submission to Penalty?......Page 342
XI.7. Obligation and Legislative Will......Page 347
XI.8. ‘Reason’ and ‘Will’ in Decision, Legislation, and Compliance with Law......Page 354
XI.9. Moral Obligation and God’s Will......Page 359
Notes......Page 360
XII.1. A Subordinate Concern of Natural Law Theory......Page 368
XII.2. Types of Injustice in Law......Page 369
XII.3. Effects of Injustice on Obligation......Page 371
XII.4. ‘Lex Injusta Non Est Lex’......Page 380
Notes......Page 384
Part Three......Page 386
XIII.1. Further Questions about the Point of Human Existence......Page 388
XIII.2. Orders, Disorders, and the Explanation of Existence......Page 395
XIII.3. Divine Nature and ‘Eternal Law’: Speculation and Revelation......Page 405
XIII.4. Natural Law as ‘Participation of Eternal Law’......Page 415
XIII.5. Concluding Reflections on the Point and Force of Practical Reasonableness......Page 420
Notes......Page 428
Postscript......Page 431
Bibliography......Page 497
A......Page 502
C......Page 503
D......Page 504
G......Page 505
J......Page 506
M......Page 507
P......Page 508
S......Page 509
V......Page 510
Z......Page 511