Natural Dyes and Sustainability

Contents
Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles: A Gateway to Sustainability
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional Textiles
		2.1 History
		2.2 Traditional Textiles Across India
			2.2.1 North
				2.2.1.1 Tribal Textiles
				2.2.1.2 Sambalpuri Sarees
				2.2.1.3 Handloom Sarees of Bengal
				2.2.1.4 Chanderi Sarees
			2.2.2 South
				2.2.2.1 Kodalikaruppur Sarees
				2.2.2.2 Paithani
				2.2.2.3 Kancheepuram Sarees
	3 Natural Dyes
		3.1 Natural Dyes from Vegetable and Animal Sources
		3.2 Natural Dyes from Mineral Sources
		3.3 Natural Dyes on the Basis of Application Methods
		3.4 Natural Dyes on the Basis of Colour
		3.5 Uses of Natural Dyes
			3.5.1 Medicinal Properties of Natural Dyes
	4 Extraction of Natural Dyes
		4.1 Evolution of Extraction of Natural Dyes
			4.1.1 Methods of Extraction of Natural Dyes
	5 Properties of Natural Dyes
		5.1 Dye Uptake
			5.1.1 Plasma Treatment
			5.1.2 Gamma Radiation
			5.1.3 Microwave Radiation
			5.1.4 Ultraviolet Radiation
			5.1.5 Enzyme Treatment
		5.2 Fastness Properties
		5.3 Antimicrobial Properties
	6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Dyes
		6.1 Advantages of Natural Dyes
		6.2 Disadvantages of Natural Dyes
	7 Role of Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles
		7.1 Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles
			7.1.1 Dyeing of Khadi
			7.1.2 Dyeing of Ajrakh
			7.1.3 Dyeing of Batik
			7.1.4 Dyeing of Paithani
			7.1.5 Dyeing of Bandhani
		7.2 Application of Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles
			7.2.1 Natural Dyes in Dyeing
			7.2.2 Natural Dyes in Printing
	8 Sustainability of Natural Dyes
		8.1 Sustainability
			8.1.1 Sustainable Development
		8.2 Sustainability of Natural Dyes in Traditional Textiles
		8.3 Introducing Sustainability in Modern Traditional Textiles Through Natural Dyes
	9 Conclusion
	References
Sustainable Extractions and Applications of Natural Dyestuffs
	1 Introduction
	2 Sustainability Strategies for Circular Economy
	3 Natural Dyestuffs
		3.1 Flavonoids
		3.2 Carotenoids
		3.3 Chlorophyll
		3.4 Betalain
	4 Extraction Methods for Natural Dyestuffs
		4.1 Classification of Extraction Methods According to Equipment
			4.1.1 Soxhlet Extraction
			4.1.2 Extraction via Boiling
			4.1.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE)
			4.1.4 Ultrasonic Extraction
			4.1.5 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
		4.2 Classification of Extraction Methods According to Extraction Media
			4.2.1 Aqueous Extraction
			4.2.2 Solvent Extraction
			4.2.3 Acidic or Alkaline Extraction
			4.2.4 Enzymatic Extraction
			4.2.5 Fermentation Extraction
	5 Sustainability in Dyestuff Extraction and Dyeing
	6 Sustainability After Dyestuff Extraction
		6.1 Biochar
		6.2 Filler
		6.3 Biocompost
		6.4 New Chemical Synthesis
		6.5 Feed for Animals
	7 A Study on Alternatives for Sustainable Natural Dyestuff Extraction
		7.1 Extraction
		7.2 Dyeing
		7.3 Postmordanting
		7.4 Results
	8 Conclusion
	References
Dyes and Pigments from Agricultural Wastes in the Coloration of Textiles
	1 Introduction
	2 The Usage of Natural Colors Throughout History
	3 Natural Colors Have Advantages and Disadvantages
	4 Extraction and Mordanting Methods
		4.1 Extraction Techniques Throughout the Ages
		4.2 New Extraction Technologies
			4.2.1 Conventional Solid–Liquid Solvent Extraction
			4.2.2 Hydrolysis
			4.2.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
			4.2.4 Extraction by Supercritical Fluid (CO2)
			4.2.5 Extraction via a Pressurized Liquid
			4.2.6 Microwave Extraction
		4.3 Mordanting Methods
	5 Waste Sources for Natural Dyes
		5.1 Wastes from Agriculture
		5.2 Wastes from Forestry
		5.3 Wastes from Industry
	6 Case Studies on Specific Natural Dyes from Wastes
		6.1 Olive
		6.2 Grape
		6.3 Tomato
		6.4 Red Pepper
		6.5 Date Palm
		6.6 Fennel
		6.7 Orange
	7 Future Perspective
	8 Conclusion
	References
Recent Approaches and Advancements in Natural Dyes
	1 Introduction
	2 Approaches and Advancements
		2.1 Coloration and Functional Finishing
		2.2 Application in Food and Pharmaceutical
		2.3 Intelligent Food Packaging
		2.4 Cosmetics
		2.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
		2.6 Few Other Usages
	3 Conclusion
	References
Mushroom-Based Natural Dyes for Sustainable Color in Textiles
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Background
	3 Biopigment Palette of Mushrooms
	4 Biopigment Synthesis in Boletales
		4.1 Colorful Biopigments in Earth Ball and Peppery Bolete
		4.2 Terphenylquinones and Pulvinic Acids Bio-colorants in Boletales
	5 Carotenoid Pigments in Mushroom Species
	6 Pigments in Cobalt Crust Fungus and Saprophytic Fungi
	7 Terpenoid Pigments in Mushroom Species
		7.1 Isoprenoid Quinol Stearate in Lactarius Species
		7.2 Alkaloidal Biopigment in Lactarius turpis
	8 Extraction Procedure for Color from Mushrooms
		8.1 Preparative-Scale Isolation Method
	9 Modern Extraction Methods of Mushroom Pigments
		9.1 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction
		9.2 Pulsed Electric Fields
		9.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
		9.4 Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction
		9.5 Subcritical Water Extraction
		9.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
	10 Dyeing with Mushrooms: Exploring Natural Bio-colorants on Different Fibers
		10.1 Anthraquinones: Vibrant Dyes from Cortinarius Mushrooms
	11 Conclusion: Embracing the Potential of Mushroom-Based Dyes
	12 Recommendations
	References
Extraction and Application of Plant-Based Tannins as Sources of Natural Colourants
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Dyes
		1.2 Types of Dyes
			1.2.1 Synthetic Dyes
			1.2.2 Natural Dyes
		1.3 Tannin
		1.4 Classification of Tannins
			1.4.1 Hydrolysable Tannins
				1.4.1.1 Gallotannins
				1.4.1.2 Ellagotannin
			1.4.2 Nonhydrolysable Tannins
	2 Extraction Methods
		2.1 Solid–Liquid Extraction Method
		2.2 Microwave-Assisted Method
		2.3 Ultrasonic Extraction Method
		2.4 Supercritical Extraction Method
		2.5 Pressurized Water Extraction
	3 Use of Plant-Based Tannins in the Tanning Industry
		3.1 Cassia alata (Candle Bush)
		3.2 Quercus robur (Oak)
		3.3 Tessmannia burttii
		3.4 Olea europaea (Olive)
		3.5 Coriaria neplansis (Masuri Berry)
		3.6 Castanea sativa (Chestnut)
		3.7 Xylocarpus granatum (Cannonball Mangrove)
		3.8 Coffee
		3.9 Hygenia abyssinica (African Redwood)
		3.10 Trema orientalis (Charcoal Tree)
	4 Applications for Tannin-Containing Plants in Textile Dyeing
		4.1 Acacia nilotica (Babul)
		4.2 Triadica sebifera (Chinese Tallow)
		4.3 Cocos nucifera (Coconut)
		4.4 Camelia sinensis (Black Tea)
		4.5 Azadirachta indica (Neem)
		4.6 Carica papaya (Papeeta)
		4.7 Rubia cordifolia (Majith)
		4.8 Juglans regia (Persian Walnut)
		4.9 Arachis hypogaea (Peanut)
		4.10 Terminalia catappa (Sea Almond)
	5 Future Aspects
	6 Conclusion
	References
Social and Environmental Impact of Natural Dyeing
	1 Introduction
	2 Key Issues in Textile Dyeing
		2.1 Synthetic Dyes for Textiles
		2.2 Environmental Problems
		2.3 Hazards to Human Health
	3 Sustainable Alternatives to Textile Processing
		3.1 Substitution of Chemicals
		3.2 Green Preparatory Processing
		3.3 Eco-Friendly Processing
		3.4 Natural Dyeing
	4 Concerns and Remedies
		4.1 Areas of Apprehension in Natural Dyeing
		4.2 Alternative Methodologies for Natural Dyeing
	5 Analysis of the Impact of Natural Dyeing
		5.1 Case Study I
		5.2 Case Study II
	6 Sustainability and Natural Dyeing
		6.1 Sustainability Considerations in Natural Dyeing
		6.2 Roadmap for Natural Dyeing (Table 5)
	7 Conclusion
	References
Classification of Natural Dyes for Sustainable Exploitation
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Dyes Classification
	3 Natural Dyes Source-Based Classification
		3.1 Natural Dyes from Inorganic/Mineral Ores
		3.2 Natural Dyes from Specific Species of Animals
		3.3 Natural Dyes from Plants
			3.3.1 Plant Roots and Tubers
			3.3.2 Plant Bark
			3.3.3 Plant Stem and Wood
			3.3.4 Plant Flowers and Petals
			3.3.5 Plant Fruits, Fruit Peels, and Pods
			3.3.6 Plant Seeds and Seed Husks
			3.3.7 Plant Leaves
	4 Chemical Structure-Based Classification
		4.1 Indigoids
		4.2 Quinonoids
			4.2.1 Anthraquinones
			4.2.2 Naphthoquinones
			4.2.3 Benzoquinonoids
		4.3 Terpenoids
		4.4 Phenolics
			4.4.1 Tannins
			4.4.2 Flavonoids
	5 Application Methods for Natural Dyes
		5.1 Vat Dyes
		5.2 Direct Dyes
		5.3 Disperse Dyes
		5.4 Acid Dyes
		5.5 Basic Dyes
		5.6 Mordant Dyes
	6 Classification Based on Dye Color
		6.1 Yellow
		6.2 Orange
		6.3 Purple
		6.4 Brown
		6.5 Red
		6.6 Blue
		6.7 Green
		6.8 Black
	7 Conclusions
	References
Natural Indigo Dyes: A Potential Dye for Sustainability
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Dyeing
		2.1 History of Indigo Dyes
			2.1.1 Development of Synthetic Alternatives
			2.1.2 Indigo in India
	3 Indigo Plant Sources
		3.1 Dyeing of Natural Indigo Dyes
			3.1.1 Dye
			3.1.2 Reducing Agents
			3.1.3 Base
			3.1.4 Mechanism
			3.1.5 Process Flow
			3.1.6 Factors Influencing Dyeing
			3.1.7 Ring Dyeing
	4 Properties of Natural Indigo Dyes
	5 Application of Indigo Dyes
	6 Natural Indigo and Sustainability
	7 Future Scope of Natural Indigo Dyes
	8 Conclusion
	References
Natural Dyes: Coloring Tool for Textiles
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Dyes and Their Classification
		2.1 Merits and Demerits
		2.2 Classification of Natural Dyes
			2.2.1 Classification Based on Source or Origin
			2.2.2 Classification Based on Chemical Constitution
			2.2.3 Classification Based on Dye Structure
			2.2.4 Classification Based on the Hue or Color Produced
			2.2.5 Classification Based on Application
	3 Natural Dyeing Process
		3.1 Natural Dyeing Process for Different Fibers
			3.1.1 Cellulosic Fibers
			3.1.2 Protein Fibers
			3.1.3 Lignocellulosic Fibers
	4 Chemistry Behind Natural Dyeing Process
		4.1 Mordants
		4.2 Types of Mordanting
		4.3 Fundamentals of the Mordanting Process
	5 Characterization Techniques of Natural Dyes
		5.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
		5.2 Chromatographic Technique
		5.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Extraction of Natural Pigments Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Its Application on Different Fabrics
	1 Introduction
	2 Renewable and Sustainable Natural Dyes
		2.1 Classification Systems for Natural Dyes
		2.2 Advantages of Natural Dyes
		2.3 Limitation or Disadvantages of Natural Dyes
	3 Extraction of Natural Dyes
		3.1 Conventional Extraction of Natural Dyes
			3.1.1 Aqueous Extraction
			3.1.2 Solvent Extraction
		3.2 Green Extraction
			3.2.1 Green Extraction Techniques
				3.2.1.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
				3.2.1.2 High Pressure Assisted Extraction (HPAE)
				3.2.1.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
				3.2.1.4 Enzyme Assisted Extraction (EAE)
				3.2.1.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
	4 Supercritical Fluids (SCFs)
		4.1 History of Supercritical Fluids
		4.2 Properties of Supercritical Fluids
		4.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Principles
		4.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Equipment
		4.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Mechanism
	5 Variables Considered in the SFE and Their Effects
		5.1 Temperature
		5.2 Pressure
		5.3 Cosolvent
		5.4 Extraction Time
		5.5 Flow Rate
		5.6 Raw Matrix
	6 Principal Benefits and Drawbacks of SFE
	7 Extraction of Natural Pigment Using Supercritical Fluids
		7.1 Extraction of Chlorophylls
		7.2 Extraction of Anthocyanins
		7.3 Extraction of Quinones
		7.4 Extraction of Carotenoids
		7.5 Extraction of Curcuminoids
		7.6 Extraction of Phycocyanins
		7.7 Extraction of Black Sesame Pigment
		7.8 Extraction of Iridoids
	8 Application of Extracted Pigment on Different Fabrics
		8.1 Application of Extracted Pigment on Silk Fabrics
		8.2 Application of Extracted Pigment on Wool Fabrics
	9 Conclusions
	References
Natural Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrochemical Aspects of Corrosion
	3 Techniques for Corrosion Measurement
	4 Corrosion Inhibitor
		4.1 Inorganic Inhibitor
		4.2 Organic Inhibitor
		4.3 Polymer Inhibitor
		4.4 Nanoparticle as Inhibitor
		4.5 Green Inhibitor
			4.5.1 Natural Dye as a Corrosion Inhibitor
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Colorimetric and Color Fastness Properties of Marble-Printed Silk Fabrics with the Use of Various Mordants and After-Treatments
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
			2.2.1 Pretreatment With Mordants (Premordanting)
			2.2.2 Marble Printing (Ebru) Process
			2.2.3 After-Treatment Process
			2.2.4 Colorimetric Measurements
			2.2.5 Color Fastness Properties
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Colorimetric Properties of Marble-Printed (Ebru) Samples
			3.1.1 Colorimetric Properties of Organic Natural Red Ocher and Synthetic Ink Marble-Printed (Ebru) Silk Fabric Samples Without Mordant
				3.1.1.1 Colorimetric Properties of Organic Natural Red Ocher Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Without Mordant
				3.1.1.2 Colorimetric Properties of Synthetic Red Ink Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Without Mordant
			3.1.2 Colorimetric Properties of Marble-Printed (Ebru) Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Potassium Bichromate
				3.1.2.1 Colorimetric Properties of Organic Natural Red Ocher Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted With Potassium Bichromate
				3.1.2.2 Colorimetric Properties of Synthetic Red Ink Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted With Potassium Bichromate
			3.1.3 Colorimetric Properties of Marble-Printed (Ebru) Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Ferrous Sulfate (Iron (II) Sulfate)
				3.1.3.1 Colorimetric Properties of Organic Natural Red Ocher Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Substrates Premordanted with Ferrous Sulfate (Iron (II) Sulfate)
				3.1.3.2 Colorimetric Properties of Synthetic Red Ink Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted With Ferrous Sulfate (Iron (II) Sulfate)
			3.1.4 Colorimetric Properties of Marble-Printed (Ebru) Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Gallnut
				3.1.4.1 Colorimetric Properties of Organic Natural Red Ocher Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Gallnut (Natural Mordant)
				3.1.4.2 Colorimetric Properties of Synthetic Red Ink Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Gallnut (Natural Mordant)
		3.2 Color Fastness Properties of Marble-Printed (Ebru) Silk Fabric Samples
			3.2.1 Color Fastness Properties of Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Without Mordant
			3.2.2 Color Fastness Properties of Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Potassium Bichromate
			3.2.3 Color Fastness Properties of Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Substrates Premordanted with Ferrous Sulfate (Iron (II) Sulfate)
			3.2.4 Color Fastness Properties of Marble-Printed Silk Fabric Samples Premordanted with Gallnut (Natural Mordant)
	4 Comparison of the Colorimetric and Color Fastness Properties of Organic Natural Red Ocher Pigment and Synthetic Red Ink Marble-Printed (Ebru) Silk Fabrics
	5 Conclusion
	References
Natural Dyeing of PA 6, PTT, PBT, PLA, Silk, and Soybean Textile Fibers with Black Mulberry Fruit Extract by Conventional and Microwave Dyeing Techniques
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Natural Dye Sources and Natural Dyeing in the Textile Industry
		1.2 Black Mulberry and Its Use for Natural Dyeing
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Natural Dyeing Process
		2.3 Colorimetric Measurements
		2.4 Color Fastness Determination
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Colorimetric and Color Fastness Results of Conventional Dyeing (First Step)
			3.1.1 Colorimetric Properties of Conventional Dyeings
			3.1.2 Rub Fastness Properties of Conventional Dyeings
			3.1.3 Perspiration Fastness Properties of Conventional Dyeings
		3.2 Colorimetric and Color Fastness Results of Microwave Dyeing (Second Step)
			3.2.1 Colorimetric Properties of Microwave Dyeings
			3.2.2 Rub Fastness Properties of Microwave Dyeings
			3.2.3 Perspiration Fastness Properties of Microwave Dyeings
			3.2.4 Wash, Water, and Seawater Fastness Properties of Both Conventional and Microwave Dyeings
	4 Conclusion
	References
Index