National Biometric Test Center Collected Works 1997-2000

Forward......Page 5
Introduction......Page 7
The Functions of Biometric Identification Devices......Page 11
Robustness, Distinctiveness, Accessibility, Acceptability and Availability......Page 12
Habituated versus Non-habituated......Page 13
Examples of the Classification of Applications......Page 14
Classifying Devices......Page 15
Data Collection......Page 16
Signal Processing......Page 17
Storage......Page 18
Application Dependency of Test Results......Page 19
Distance Distributions......Page 20
Non-Dimensional Measures of Comparison......Page 22
Error Bounds......Page 23
Operational Testing......Page 24
Test Design......Page 25
Available Test Results......Page 27
Bibliography......Page 28
A Definition of “Biometrics”......Page 31
The Data Collection Sub-System......Page 35
The Transmission Sub-System......Page 36
The Signal Processing Sub-System......Page 37
The Decision Sub-System......Page 38
System Error Rate Equations......Page 39
References......Page 40
II. DATA SELECTION AND “CONDITIONING”......Page 43
IV. THE TRANSACTIONS......Page 44
VI. SIMULATION MODEL......Page 45
VII. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE......Page 46
X.  REFERENCES......Page 47
SAG Problem 97-2-1......Page 51
References......Page 54
2. Bickel’s Approach......Page 55
3. Convolution and Fourier Transform......Page 56
5. Inversion......Page 58
References......Page 59
On the “30 error” criterion......Page 61
Background......Page 67
Asymptotic Behavior as x ( 0......Page 68
Reference......Page 69
Figures......Page 70
Introduction......Page 75
Classifying Applications......Page 76
Application-Dependent Device Testing......Page 77
Features......Page 78
Templates......Page 79
“Genuine” Distances......Page 80
“Impostor” Distances......Page 82
“Inter-Template” Distances......Page 83
ROC Curves......Page 85
Penetration  Rate......Page 86
Transaction Speed......Page 88
Confidence Intervals......Page 89
Testing Protocols......Page 91
System Performance Prediction from Test Results......Page 93
Available Test Results......Page 94
Acknowledgements......Page 95
References......Page 96
I. The Uncertainty in ROC Confidence Estimation......Page 99
II. Experimental Test......Page 100
III. Results......Page 101
IV. Conclusions......Page 102
V.  References......Page 103
0.0 NOTATION......Page 111
1.0  INTRODUCTION......Page 112
2.1 System Penetration Rate......Page 113
2.2  Bin Error Rate......Page 116
2.3  “Geninue”, “Impostor”, and “Inter-template” Distance Distributions......Page 117
2.5. The Single Comparison False Non-Match Rate......Page 121
3.0 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS......Page 122
3.1  System False Non-Match Rate......Page 123
3.3  System False Match Rate......Page 125
3.4  System Throughput......Page 126
4.1  “One-to-One” Systems......Page 127
4.3  “One-to-Several” Verification Systems......Page 128
4.4  “One-to-Many” Single Comparison Systems......Page 129
4.5  “M-to-N” System Example......Page 131
6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 133
7.0  REFERENCES......Page 134
Background and General Statement of the Problem......Page 137
Estimation of the pk’s from a Sample X1, ….Xn......Page 138
References......Page 139
Preliminaries......Page 141
An Approximation to the Distribution of S......Page 142
Estimation of p......Page 145
References......Page 146
The Requirement for Large-Scale Civilian Identification Systems......Page 147
II. TUTORIAL: “CIVILIAN” AND “FORENSIC” AFIS......Page 148
Civilian Systems......Page 149
III. TUTORIAL: HOW CIVILIAN AFIS WORK......Page 151
IV.  AFIS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS......Page 153
System Penetration Rate......Page 154
Bin Error Rate......Page 155
The Single Comparison False Non-Match Rate......Page 156
System Throughput......Page 157
System False Match Errors......Page 158
Fingerprint Images......Page 159
Test Requirements......Page 161
Matching Results......Page 162
VIII. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PREDICTION......Page 164
XI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 165
Continuing Controversy Over the Technical Feasibility of Large-Scale Systems......Page 167
Fingerprint Image Database......Page 169
AFIS Performance Results......Page 170
Performance Prediction......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 175
The ID Card and the Mission of the SSS......Page 177
Technical System Performance......Page 178
Example......Page 181
Remarks......Page 182
Case 1......Page 183
Case 2......Page 184
Reference......Page 185
Test Data......Page 187
Finger Dependency of Penetration Rate......Page 188
Penetration Rates of Multi-Finger Systems......Page 190
ROC Curves for Communicating and Non-Communicating Impostor Comparisons......Page 192
Finger Dependency of ROC......Page 193
Impostor Distribution Variation Across Test Samples......Page 195
Conclusions......Page 197
References......Page 198
AFR Technology Categories......Page 199
Applications......Page 200
The FERET tests......Page 201
Eigenfaces......Page 202
Wavelets and Elastic Matching......Page 203
Elastic grid matching......Page 204
Bibliography......Page 205
“Degrees of Freedom” as Related to Biometric Device Performance......Page 209
References......Page 211
II. Level of Generalization and Abstraction......Page 217
B. Technology Creep......Page 218
III.  The Architecture and Model......Page 219
Applications......Page 220
Biometric Data......Page 221
B. Data Capture......Page 222
D. Recognition......Page 223
F. Biometric Data Storage......Page 224
G. Cryptographic Support......Page 225
H. GUI Architecture......Page 226
VI. Conclusion/ Recommendation......Page 227
Scope......Page 229
Three Basic Types of Evaluation......Page 230
“False Match” and “False Non-Match” Rates......Page 231
“Live” and “Off-line” Transactions......Page 232
The Volunteer “Crew”......Page 233
Collecting Enrollment Data......Page 234
Collecting Test Data......Page 236
ROC Computation......Page 238
Binning Error versus Penetration Rate Curve......Page 240
Technical Evaluations......Page 241
Conclusions......Page 242
When Bad Science Leads to Good Law: The Disturbing Irony of the Daubert Hearing in the Case of U.S. V. Byron C. Mitchell......Page 245
The Government’s “Statistical Estimation”......Page 246
Probability and Statistical Estimation in Legal Cases......Page 248
Conclusions......Page 249
Introduction......Page 251
Commercial Licenses......Page 252
Border Control......Page 254
Employment Eligibility......Page 256
.Welfare......Page 257
Airport Security......Page 258
Passenger-Baggage Matching......Page 259
Conclusions......Page 260
What is Biometric Identification?......Page 261
TABLE 1: IDENTIFICATION: “POSITIVE” AND “NEGATIVE”......Page 262
Will Biometric Identification Compromise My Privacy?......Page 263
Election System Goals......Page 265
Making Sure Only Eligible Voters Register......Page 266
Making Sure Only Registered Voters Vote......Page 267
Internet Applications......Page 268
Conclusions......Page 269
The National Biometric Test Center......Page 271
Biometrics and Financial Services......Page 272
Biometrics and Privacy......Page 273
Conclusions......Page 274
Picture ID: Help or Hindrance? Do People Really Look at the Picture on a Picture ID?......Page 275
Primer......Page 277
Establishing the Business Case......Page 278
Assessing Your Application......Page 279
Checklist......Page 281
Biometric Authentication Standards Development......Page 285