Nanotechnology: Nanofabrication, Patterning, and Self Assembly

NANOTECHNOLOGY: NANOFABRICATION, PATTERNING AND SELF ASSEMBLY......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 12
RESEARCH AND REVIEW STUDIES......Page 22
Abstract......Page 24
Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy (EC-ALE)......Page 25
Electrochemical Deposition Methods for Semiconducting Nanocompounds......Page 27
Electrochemical Synthesis of Quantum Dots......Page 28
Electrochemical Deposition Methods for Metallic Nanostructures......Page 29
Electrochemical Nanolithography......Page 30
Electrochemical Etching and LIGA Technique......Page 37
Micro- and Nano-machining by Ultrashort Voltage Pulsing Technique......Page 39
Template Free Methods for Conducting Polymer Nano-architecture......Page 43
Template Methods......Page 45
Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Membranes......Page 46
Zinc Oxide (ZnO)......Page 48
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)......Page 50
Electrochemical Fabrication of Soft Matters in Nanoscale......Page 52
Carbon Nanotube Templates......Page 54
Colloidal Polystyrene (PS) Latex Templates......Page 56
Electrochemistry and Self-assembled Monolayers (SAMs)......Page 59
Other Template Methods......Page 61
Nanoscale Electrochemistry......Page 62
Sonoelectrochemistry......Page 63
References......Page 64
Abstract......Page 72
Introduction......Page 73
Fabrication of Nanofibrous Membranes via Electrospinning......Page 74
Finding of Nanowebs in Electrospun Fibrous Membranes......Page 75
Relative Humidity Effect on PAA Nanoweb Formation......Page 76
Proposed Mechanism......Page 77
PAA Solution Concentration Effect......Page 79
Effect of Voltage and Relative Humidity on Nylon-6 Nanoweb Formation......Page 80
Effect of Distance......Page 82
Nylon-6 Solution Concentration Effect......Page 83
Gas Absorption and Sensing Properties of PAA Nanofibers and Nanowebs......Page 85
Formation of Nanowebs in Other Solution Systems......Page 87
References......Page 89
Abstract......Page 92
1. Introduction......Page 93
2.1. Experimental Configuration for SERS......Page 94
2.2. Comparison of Raman and SERS Spectra......Page 95
2.3. Comparison of Raman and SERS Images......Page 97
3.1. Experimental Configuration of Reflection-Mode TERS......Page 98
3.2. Comparison of Raman and TERS Spectra......Page 100
3.3. TERS Spectra Mapping......Page 101
4.1. Ultraviolet Light Excitation for Background Suppression fromUnderlayers......Page 103
4.2. Selection of Tips for Background Suppression from Silicon Tips......Page 105
4.3. TERS Imaging......Page 106
5. Controlling the Polarization in Detection......Page 109
5.1. Theoretical Calculation of Raman Intensity by Side Illumination Optics......Page 110
5.2. Sample Azimuth Dependence of Polarization Raman Measurement :Depolarization Effect in SERS......Page 114
5.3. Experimental Observation of Depolarization Effect in TERS......Page 119
6. Conclusion......Page 121
References......Page 122
Abstract......Page 128
1. Introduction......Page 129
2.3. Characteristics of Tumor Vascular Structures......Page 131
3.1. Passive Targeting......Page 132
3.2. Active Targeting......Page 133
4.1. Liposomes and their Advantages in Drug Delivery......Page 135
4.2. Passive Targeting Liposomes with PEG Coatings......Page 136
4.4. Disadvantages of Liposomes......Page 137
5.1. Properties of Quantum Dots......Page 138
5.2.1. Active and Passive Targeting for QDs......Page 140
5.3. Disadvantages of QDs......Page 141
6.1. Structure of Nanoshells......Page 142
6.3. Nanoshells in Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment......Page 144
7. Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles......Page 145
7.1. SPMNPs used as Magnetic Contrast Agents in MRI......Page 146
7.2. SPMNPs in Hyperthermia Treatment for Cancer......Page 147
7.3. Magnetic Targeting of SPMNP–Drug Conjugates......Page 148
8.1.1. Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation Method......Page 149
8.1.4. Salting-Out Process......Page 150
8.2. Control the Properties of Polymeric Nanoparticles......Page 151
8.4. Drug Release Characteristics and Drug Biodistribution Profiles......Page 153
9.1. Selenium as a Chemopreventive Agent......Page 154
9.2.1. Method of Coating Selenium Nanoclusters on Orthopedic Implants......Page 155
9.2.2. Surface Characteristics of the Titanium Substrates Coated with SeleniumNanoclusters......Page 156
9.2.3. Enhanced Non-Cancerous Osteoblast (Bone-Forming Cells) and InhibitedCancerous Osteoblast Densities on Substrates Coated with SeleniumNanoclusters......Page 158
References......Page 161
Abstract......Page 172
1.1. High-Temperature Superconductors (HTSC)......Page 173
Top-Seeded Melt-Growth (TSMG) Technique......Page 179
Bridgman Technique......Page 182
1.1.2. Oxygenation Process......Page 188
a) Mechanical Stress......Page 190
1.1.3. Applications......Page 191
1.2. Indentation Testing Technique......Page 192
1.2.1. Testing Equipment (Instrumentation)......Page 193
1.2.2. Nanoindenter’s Tips......Page 194
c) Surface Preparation......Page 196
a) Hardness and Elastic Modulus Measurements......Page 197
b) Spherical Indentation (Determination of the Stress-Strain Curves)......Page 202
1.2.6. Errors Due to Pile-up and Sinking-in......Page 208
1.2.7. Indentation Size Effect, ISE......Page 211
b) Hays-Kendall Approach......Page 212
d) Proportional Specimen Resistance Model or PSR Model......Page 213
e) The Modified PSR Model......Page 214
2.1. State of the Art of Mechanical Properties of YBCO Samples......Page 215
Experimental Conditions......Page 218
Experimental Curves......Page 219
Characterization Imprints......Page 220
Hardness......Page 227
Young’s Modulus......Page 228
Indentation Size Effect......Page 231
Fracture Toughness......Page 237
Stiffness versus Displacement into Surfaces......Page 239
Determination of the Elasto-Plastic Transition......Page 242
Stress-Strain Curves......Page 244
Experimental Conditions......Page 245
Oxygenation Defects and Macro-microckracking in Melt-Textured YBCO Bulks......Page 247
Determination of the Kinetics of Oxygenation by Nanoindentation......Page 249
Prediction of the Oxygenation Time in YBCO Bulk Materials......Page 250
References......Page 251
Abstract......Page 258
1.1. Semiconductor Nanowires......Page 259
1.2. Basic Properties of ZnO Nanowire Arrays......Page 260
2.1. Growth of ZnO Nanowire Arrays by Vapor Phase Methods......Page 262
2.2. Growth of ZnO Nanowire Arrays by Solution Phase Methods......Page 265
2.2.1. Hydrolysis Growth......Page 266
2.2.2. Template-Assisted Electrochemical Deposition......Page 267
a. Substrate-Induced Growth of ZnO Nanowire Arrays [76]......Page 270
b. Seed Layer-Induced Growth of ZnO Nanowire Arrays [79]......Page 273
3.1.1. Vibration Properties of ZnO......Page 276
3.1.2. Raman Spectrum of ZnO Nanowire Arrays......Page 277
3.2.1. General Remarks......Page 279
3.2.2. Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence Behavior of ZnO Nanowires......Page 280
3.2.3. Physical Origin of Different ZnO Emission Bands......Page 281
3.3.1. Field Emission Theory......Page 285
3.3.2. Field Emission of ZnO Nanowire Arrays......Page 287
3.3.3. Field Emission Comparisons of ZnO Film and Nanowire Arrays......Page 289
4. Conclusion......Page 290
Reference......Page 291
Abstract......Page 296
Beginning with Thin Films......Page 297
Different Strategies Required......Page 298
π-Conjugated Planar Radical Ion Molecules......Page 299
Basic Problems to be Solved......Page 301
Main Experimental Results......Page 303
Mechanism......Page 308
Remaining Problems......Page 311
References......Page 312
Abstract......Page 314
1. Introduction......Page 315
2.2. E-Beam, UV and Shadow Mask Nanolithography Techniques......Page 316
2.3. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Nanolithography Techniques......Page 318
3. Applications and Functional Devices......Page 320
3.1. Low-Cost Multipurpose Platforms......Page 321
3.2. Photodetectors......Page 322
3.3. Gas Nanosensors......Page 323
Acknowledgments......Page 324
References......Page 325
Abstract......Page 330
1. Functionalization of Nanoparticles by ATRP......Page 331
2. Functionalization of One-Dimensional Nanostructures byATRP......Page 336
References......Page 349
Abstract......Page 352
1. Introduction......Page 353
2.1.1. Vibrational Shake Mills......Page 354
2.1.3. Attritor Mills......Page 355
3.1.1. Lead Titanate and Lead Lanthanum Titanate......Page 356
3.1.2. Lead Zirconate Titanate......Page 360
3.1.3. Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate......Page 362
3.2. B-site Perovskite Relaxor Ferroelectrics and Their Derivatives......Page 363
3.2.1. Monophase......Page 364
3.2.2. Binary-Phase......Page 368
3.2.4. Order-Disordering Transition Induced by Mechanical Activation......Page 369
3.3. BaTiO3 and CaTiO3......Page 370
3.4. Aurivillius Ferroelectrics......Page 371
3.4.2. Other Aurivillius Type Ferroelectrics......Page 372
4. Mechanisms......Page 373
5.2. Thick Films......Page 376
5.3. Nanocomposites......Page 378
5.4. Nano-microcomposites......Page 382
6. Summaries......Page 383
References......Page 384
1. Introduction......Page 392
2. Techniques and Instrumentations......Page 395
3. Cluster Formation during Field Evaporation......Page 397
4. Field Ion Microscopy of Carbon Chains......Page 399
5.1.1. The Model for the Electric Field......Page 402
5.1.2. The Local Magnification of FIM Images......Page 404
5.2. Multistage Nanostructures......Page 405
6. Atomic Resolution of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials......Page 409
7. Field Emission Characteristics......Page 412
7.1. Field ion emission......Page 413
7.2. Field Electron Emission......Page 415
8.1. High-Field Induced Unraveling of Graphene......Page 418
8.2. Dissociation and Explosive Heating of Carbon Atomic Chains......Page 420
8.3. Carbon Chains with Macro Length......Page 422
8.4. Young’s Modulus and Tensile Strength of Atomic Chains......Page 424
References......Page 425
Abstract......Page 430
1. Introduction......Page 431
2.  Processing Hierarchically Structured Nanomaterials......Page 432
3.1  General Structure of the Nanocrystal Self-assembly......Page 433
3.2.1. Diffusion of the Building Blocks......Page 438
3.2.2. Interconnection between the Big Structures......Page 439
3.3.1. Influence of the Drying Time......Page 443
4. General Discussion about Self-assembly Mechanism......Page 450
References......Page 452
Abstract......Page 456
Introduction......Page 457
Experiments......Page 459
1. Fabrication of Nano-/Micro Multi-layered Self-standing Diamond Film......Page 460
2. High Oriented Film Fabrication with Very High Ratio of CH4/H2......Page 464
3. Large Area Film with High Fracture Strength......Page 468
4. Fabrication of Single Crystal......Page 472
References......Page 474
Abstract......Page 480
2.1. Fabrication Procedures......Page 481
2.2. Characterization of Morphology......Page 483
2.3. Photoluminescence Properties......Page 485
2.4. Discussion......Page 486
3.1. Background......Page 492
3.2. Geometry Characterization......Page 493
3.3. Photoluminescence Properties......Page 494
3.4. ML-HSSAs on Different Substrates......Page 495
Acknowledgement......Page 496
References......Page 497
Abstract......Page 500
2.1. Amorphous-Crystalline Composites......Page 501
2.2. Aggregates of Layered Nanostructure......Page 505
2.3. Sol-Gel Thin Films......Page 509
2.4. Nanocrystals and Nanotubes......Page 510
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization Experiments of Ln3+:TiO2 Nanoparticles......Page 513
3.2.1. Effect of Dopant Concentration on the Crystallization of Nanoparticles......Page 514
3.2.2. Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Crystallization of Nanoparticles......Page 516
3.3.1. Eu3+ Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles......Page 518
3.3.2. Sensitized Emissions of Sm3+, Nd3+ Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles......Page 522
3.3.3. Er3+ Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles......Page 523
3.4. Growth Mechanism of Ln3+ Doped Nanoparticles......Page 526
References......Page 527
Abstract......Page 530
1. Introduction......Page 531
2.1. Coating Equipment and Sample Preparation......Page 532
2.2. Methods of Surface Analysis......Page 533
3.1.1. Microhardness......Page 534
3.1.2. Film-to-Substrate Adhesion......Page 535
3.1.3. Tribological Property......Page 536
3.2. Microstructure......Page 537
3.3. Hardness Enhancement Mechanism......Page 539
4. Conclusion......Page 544
References......Page 545
Abstract......Page 546
I．Introduction......Page 547
2.1. Ni and NiO Nanoparticles Embedded in Single Crystals......Page 548
2.1.1.1. XPS Results of Al2O3......Page 549
2.1.1.3. XPS Results of MgO......Page 551
2.1.2. XRD Spectra of As-Implanted and Annealed Al2O3 Samples......Page 552
2.1.3.1. Ni and NiO Nanoparticles in Al2O3......Page 554
2.1.3.2. Ni and NiO Nanoparticles in YSZ......Page 555
2.1.3.3. Ni Nanoparticles in MgO......Page 557
2.1.4.1. Optical Absorption of Ni-Implanted and Annealed Al2O3......Page 559
2.1.4.2 Optical Absorption of Ni-Implanted and Annealed YSZ......Page 560
2.1.4.3. Optical Absorption of Ni-Implanted and Annealed MgO......Page 562
2.1.5.1. Magnetic Ni Nanoparticles in MgO......Page 563
2.1.5.2. Magnetic Ni Nanoparticles in TiO2......Page 565
2.2.1. Optical Absorption of Zn Nanoparticles Fabricated with Different Fluences......Page 567
2.2.2. Optical Absorption of Zn-Ion-Implanted and Annealed Al2O3......Page 568
2.2.3. TEM Results of Zn and ZnO Nanoparticles......Page 570
2.2.4. PL of ZnO Nanoparticles......Page 571
2.3. Intermetallic CoxNi1-x Nanoparticles Embedded in YSZ......Page 572
2.3.1. TEM Images of CoxNi1-x Nanoparticles......Page 573
2.3.2. Magnetic Properties of CoxNi1-x Nanoparticles......Page 574
References......Page 576
1.Introduction......Page 580
2.1.Resonance Light Scattering Effects......Page 583
2.2.Geometrical Arrangement of Porphyrins in a J-aggregate......Page 585
3.Kinetics of Self-assembly......Page 587
3.1.Experimental Observation of Porphyrin Fractal Structures......Page 590
3.2.Monitoring of the Fractal Growth......Page 592
4.Tuning and Control of the Aggregate Mesoscopic Structure......Page 595
4.1.From Fractal to Rod-Like Structures......Page 596
4.2.Effects of Initial Conditions in the Diffusion-Limited Aggregation Kinet-ics......Page 599
4.2.1.Effects of Mixing Order and Aging in Porphyrin Aggregation......Page 600
5.Formation of Organic Fractal Composites......Page 602
5.1.Rayleigh Enhancement in a Porphyrin Composite......Page 605
5.2.Identification of the RLA Early Stage in Porphyrin Aggregation......Page 607
6.1.Scaling of the Asymmetry Factor in Porphyrin J-aggregates......Page 611
6.2.An Outline of Differential Scattering in Porphyr in Aggregates......Page 613
References......Page 617
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS......Page 624
1. Introduction......Page 626
2. Experimental Procedure......Page 627
3. Results and Discussion......Page 628
References......Page 633
Abstract......Page 636
References......Page 640
INDEX......Page 642