Nanotechnology-based industrial applications of ionic liquids

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Ionic Liquids as “Green Solvents”: Are they Safe?
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 (Eco)toxicity of Ionic Liquids
	1.3 Ionic Liquids and Safety to Humans
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Ionic Liquids: Green Solvent for Biomass Pretreatment
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 History
	2.3 Application of Ionic Liquids
		2.3.1 Material Synthesis
		2.3.2 Lubricant
		2.3.3 Separation and Extraction of Materials
		2.3.4 Electrolyte
		2.3.5 Use as a Solvent
	2.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
		2.4.1 Solubility of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid
		2.4.2 Association of Lignin Extraction to Cellulose Crystallinity
	2.5 Pretreatment of Sugarcane Bagasse
	2.6 Problems Associated with Ionic Liquid Pretreatment
	2.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biodiesel Production
	3.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids for Biodiesel Production
		3.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Biodiesel Catalysts
		3.3.2 Ionic Liquids in Combination with Other Materials
		3.3.3 Use of Ionic Liquids in Enzymatic Biodiesel Production
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Biocatalysis in Ionic Liquids: Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Conventional Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters
		4.2.1 Chemical Synthesis
		4.2.2 Enzymatic Synthesis
	4.3 Potential of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis
	4.4 Enzymatic Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters in Ionic Liquids
		4.4.1 Lipase Activity and Stability
		4.4.2 Substrate Solubility
		4.4.3 Types of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters
			4.4.3.1 Pure Ionic Liquids or Ionic Liquids Mixtures as Solvents
			4.4.3.2 Ionic Liquids/Organic Solvents Mixtures as Solvents
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Ionic Liquid for the Extraction of Plant Phenolics
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Ionic Liquids
			5.1.1.1 Preparation of Ionic Liquids
			5.1.1.2 Analytical Potential of Ionic Liquids
			5.1.1.3 Ionic Liquids Green Solvents
		5.1.2 Ionic Liquids as an Extraction Solvent
		5.1.3 Ionic Liquids as Macerating Agent
		5.1.4 Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid–Liquid Extraction
		5.1.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Microwave Extraction
		5.1.6 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Ultrasound Extraction
		5.1.7 Conclusions and Future Prospectus
	References
Chapter 6: Ionic Liquids for the Sustainable Development of Chemistry
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Applications of Ionic Liquids
	6.3 Ionic Liquids to Carry out Isomerization and Dimerization Reactions
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Ionic Liquids for Enhanced Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose-Based Materials
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Experimental Part
		7.2.1 Materials
		7.2.2 Cellulose Substrates Pre-Treatment with Ionic Liquids
		7.2.3 Cellulase Catalyzed Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose Substrates
		7.2.4 Investigation Methods Used for Structural Characterization of Cellulose Substrates
	7.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose Substrates
		7.3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy Investigation of Cellulose Substrates During Dissolution in Ionic Liquids and Saccharification Under Enzyme Attack
		7.3.3 WAXD Investigation of Cellulose Substrates During Dissolution in Ionic Liquids and Saccharification Under Enzyme Attack
	7.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: Biological Applications of Ionic Liquids-Based Surfactants: A Review of the Current Scenario
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 ILBS Self-Assembly Features
		8.2.1 Micellar Formation in ILBS
		8.2.2 ILBS—Microemulsion System
		8.2.3 Self-Assembly of ILBS Vesicles
	8.3 Application of ILBS in Biological Systems
		8.3.1 ILBS in Pharmaceuticals
		8.3.2 ILBS in Protein and Enzyme-Based Applications
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Ionic Liquid for Water Purification
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Water
		9.1.2 Water Purification
		9.1.3 Ionic Liquids
			9.1.3.1 Tunable Character of Ionic Liquids
			9.1.3.2 Polymerization in Ionic Liquids
			9.1.3.3 Non-volatile Character of Ionic Liquids
			9.1.3.4 Solvation Power
			9.1.3.5 Mesoscale Structure
		9.1.4 Ionic Liquids in Water Purification
			9.1.4.1 Ionic Liquid-Mediated Solvent Extraction
			9.1.4.2 Ionic Liquid Membranes
			9.1.4.3 Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes (SILMs)
			9.1.4.4 Ionic Liquid-Mediated Pervaporation
			9.1.4.5 Ionic Liquid-Mediated Adsorption
			9.1.4.6 Miscellaneous
				Flocculation
			9.1.4.7 Recovery of Ionic Liquids and Future Prospectus
	9.2 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Electrical Double-Layer Structure and Property of Ionic Liquid-Electrode System for Electrochemical Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Brief Introduction of Ionic Liquids
		10.2.1 Ionic Liquids
		10.2.2 Physical and Chemical Property of Ionic Liquids
			10.2.2.1 Melting Point
			10.2.2.2 Viscosity
			10.2.2.3 Density
			10.2.2.4 Conductivity and Electrochemical Window
	10.3 The Theoretical Model of Electrical Double Layer
		10.3.1 Helmholtz Double-Layer Model
		10.3.2 Gouy and Chapman Dispersed Double-Layer Model
		10.3.3 Gouy-Chapman-Stern Model
		10.3.4 Modified Gouy-Chatman-Stem Model
		10.3.5 Bockris-Devanathan-Muller BDM Model
	10.4 Experimental Study Progress of Electrical Double Layer in Ionic Liquids
		10.4.1 Electrochemical Measurement Technology
		10.4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Technology
		10.4.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Technology
		10.4.4 Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) and Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) Technology
		10.4.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
	10.5 Theoretical Study Progress of Electrical Double Layer in Ionic Liquids
		10.5.1 Classical Density Functional Theory
		10.5.2 Monte Carlo Method
		10.5.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
	10.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Role of Ionic Liquid-Based Multipurpose Gas Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibitors in Gas Transmission Pipeline
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Gas Hydrate and Corrosion in Flow Pipeline
		11.2.1 Gas Hydrate Formation and Inhibition
		11.2.2 Corrosion Formation and Inhibition in Flow Pipeline
		11.2.3 Gas Hydrate Prevention via Chemical Injection
			11.2.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors (THIs)
			11.2.3.2 Ionic Liquids as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (KHIs)
			11.2.3.3 Ionic Liquids as Anti-agglomerants (AA)
		11.2.4 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Corrosion Inhibitors
		11.2.5 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Gas Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibitors (GHCI)
	11.3 Conclusion
		11.3.1 Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 12: Production of Biodiesel Using Ionic Liquids
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Ionic Liquids
	12.3 Ionic Liquids as Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis
		12.3.1 Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalysts
		12.3.2 Basic Ionic Liquid Catalysts
	12.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Co-solvents
	12.5 Ionic Liquids as Extraction Solvents in Biodiesel Synthesis
		12.5.1 Extraction of Lipids
		12.5.2 Extraction of Free Fatty Acids
		12.5.3 Extraction of Unsaturated Fatty Methyl Acid Esters
	12.6 Deep Eutectic Solvents: A New Generation of Ionic Liquids
		12.6.1 Removal of Glycerol from Crude Biodiesel
		12.6.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents as Catalysts
	12.7 Summary and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 13: Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Application for Sustainable Environment
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	13.3 Plant Extract-Based Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis
	13.4 Factors Affecting the Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis
		13.4.1 Influence of pH
		13.4.2 Effect of Concentration
		13.4.3 Influence of Reaction Time
		13.4.4 Effect of Reaction Temperature
	13.5 Green Routes for NP Preparation
		13.5.1 AgNPs and Ag-Doped NPs
		13.5.2 Zerovalent Iron NPs and Fe-Doped NPs
		13.5.3 AuNPs and Au-Doped NPs
		13.5.4 CuO- and Cu-Doped NPs
		13.5.5 Mixed Metal/Metal Oxide NPs
	13.6 Characterization Techniques of NPs
		13.6.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy Method
		13.6.2 Dynamic Light Scattering of NPs
		13.6.3 TEM and FESEM Study
		13.6.4 Influence of Zeta Potential (ζ)
		13.6.5 Structural Morphology
	13.7 Mechanism of NP Formation Using Bio-extract
	13.8 Antimicrobial Activity Test of NPs
	13.9 Overview
	References
Chapter 14: Recent Advances in the Application of Greener Solvents for Extraction, Recovery and Dissolution of Precious Metals and Rare Earth Elements from Different Matrices
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in Solvent Extraction of Precious Metals
	14.3 Application of Solvent Extraction Based on Ionic Liquid Recovery of Rare Earth Elements
	14.4 Future Challenges in the Application of Ionic Liquid for Recovery of Precious Elements and Rare Earth Elements
		14.4.1 Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Recovery of Precious Elements and Rare Earth Elements
	14.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15: Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Reactions
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Examples of Different Heterocyclic Systems Synthesized by the Application of Ionic Liquids
		15.2.1 Pyrroles, Indoles, and Fused Systems
		15.2.2 Pyrazoles and Benzopyrazoles/Indazoles and Fused Systems
		15.2.3 Imidazoles and Benzimidazoles
		15.2.4 Triazoles and Benzotriazoles
		15.2.5 Tetrazoles
		15.2.6 Furans and Benzofurans
		15.2.7 Oxazoles, Isoxazoles, and Benzoxazoles
		15.2.8 Thiazoles and Benzothiazoles
		15.2.9 Pyridines and Fused Analogues
		15.2.10 Pyrazines and Fused Analogues
		15.2.11 Phthalazines
		15.2.12 Quinazolines
		15.2.13 Quinoxalines
		15.2.14 Oxazines and Benzoxazines
		15.2.15 Thiazines and Fused Derivatives
		15.2.16 Pyrimidines and Fused Derivatives
		15.2.17 Acridines
		15.2.18 Quinolines, Isoquinolines, and Fused Analogues
		15.2.19 Pyrans, Chromans, and Fused Scaffolds
		15.2.20 Coumarins and Related Fused Scaffolds
		15.2.21 Thiazepines and Fused Analogues
		15.2.22 Xanthenes and Related Analogues
	15.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16: Role of Ionic Liquids in Food and Bioproduct Industries
	16.1 Ionic Liquids, Versatile Solvent: An Introduction
	16.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids
	16.3 Properties of Ionic Liquids
	16.4 General Applications of Ionic Liquids
	16.5 General Characteristics of ILs
	16.6 Importance of Science and Technology in Food Industry
	16.7 Part of Food and Beverage Companies in Improving the World Population Health
	16.8 Introduction to Food
	16.9 Classification of Varieties of Food Consumed by Human Beings
		16.9.1 Plant Origin
		16.9.2 Animal Origin
	16.10 Food Technology: Historical Approach
		16.10.1 Definition of Food Security
	16.11 Food Waste
	16.12 The Scope and Economic Value-Added Compounds from Food Supply Chain Waste
	16.13 Waste Food as Economic Resource in Producing Fuel, Materials and Chemicals: Present Situation and Global Scenario
	16.14 The Origin of Food Waste
	16.15 Methods of Conversion of Food Wastes into Useful and Economic Products
	16.16 Conversion of Food Waste into Energy
	16.17 Conversion of Food Waste into Biofuels and Profitable Products
	16.18 Food Waste Biorefinery
	16.19 Biodiesel Production
	16.20 Biodiesel
	16.21 An Introduction on How to Procure Biofuel from Waste Food
	16.22 Production Ethanol from Food Waste
	16.23 Production of Hydrogen from Waste
	16.24 Methane Production from Food Waste
	16.25 Biowaste
	16.26 Usage of Ionic Liquids in Food and Biowaste Industry
	16.27 Analysis of Various Food Products
	16.28 Manufacture of Biofuels from Biomass and Vegetable Oils
	16.29 Analysis of Materials Generated from Food Waste
	16.30 Ionic Liquids and Their Toxic Effects
	16.31 Conclusions
	References
Index