Nanostructured Materials for Visible Light Photocatalysis (Micro and Nano Technologies)

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Front-Matter_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible-Light-Photocatalysis
	Front Matter
Copyright_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible-Light-Photocatalysis
	Copyright
Contents
Contributors_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible-Light-Photocatalysis
	Contributors
1---Fundamentals-principle-of-p_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible-Li
	Fundamentals principle of photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Basic principle for photocatalytic reactions
			Direct photocatalytic principle
			Indirect photocatalytic principle
		Reaction pathways for photogenerated electron-hole pair
			Pathways of PEHP within a semiconducting catalyst
			Charge carrier trapping
		Fundamental principles based on the type of catalyst
			Semiconductor-based photocatalyst
			Quantum dot-based photocatalyst
			Two-dimensional material-based photocatalyst
		Factors affecting the photocatalysis reaction
			Effect of quantity of catalyst
			Effect of wavelength and intensity of light
			Effect of pH
			Effect of the initial concentration of dye
			Effect of temperature
			Effect of additives
			Quantum size effects
			Effect of other parameters on the photoactivity of catalyst
		Strategies for enhancement of photocatalytic properties of semiconducting materials
			Semiconductor-semiconductor heterojunction (Sc-Sc H)
			Semiconductor-metal heterojunction (Sc-M H)
			Semiconductor-carbon heterojunction (Sc-C H)
			Multicomponent heterojunction (McH)
		Conclusion
		References
2---Nanomaterials-aspects-for-p_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible-Li
	Nanomaterials aspects for photocatalysis
		Introduction to nanomaterials and photocatalysis
		Mechanism of photocatalysis
		Influence of different parameters on photocatalysis
			Catalyst loading
			Surface area and morphology
			Effect of pH
			Effect of temperature
			Effect of contaminants concentration
			Effect of calcination temperature
		Structured photocatalysts for removal of contaminants under visible light
			Visible light-active noble metal catalysts
			Structured TiO2 photocatalyst and its modifications under visible light
			Cation-doped semiconductor photocatalyst
			Anion-doped semiconductor photocatalysts
			Codoping semiconductor
			Self-doping/defect engineering
		ZnO and its modifications
		TiO2- and ZnO-based heterostructure photocatalysts
		Non-TiO2- and ZnO-based new visible light-active catalysts
			Ag3PO4 photocatalysts
			BiVO4 photocatalyst
			WO3 photocatalyst
		Summary
		References
3---Synthesis-methods-of-nanomaterials-_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Vi
	Synthesis methods of nanomaterials for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Synthesis methods
			Synthesis of Nanopowders
				Precipitation method
				Coprecipitation method
				Sol-gel method
				Hydrothermal/solvothermal method
				Solid-state reactions
				Combustion reactions
				Spray pyrolysis
				Flame synthesis
				Electrospinning method
				Chemical vapor deposition
				Microwave assisted
				Sonochemical method
				Microemulsion method
			Fabrication of thin films
				Electrophoretic deposition
				Spin coating method
				Spray pyrolysis deposition
				Sputtering
				Thermal evaporation
				Dip-coating method
				Doctor blade method
				Drop-coating method
		Hybrid methods
		Conclusion
		References
4---Carbon-based-materials-for-visib_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visib
	Carbon-based materials for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Carbon-based materials
			Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
			Synthesis process of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
				Electric arc discharge
				Laser ablation method
				Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
				Electrolysis
			Carbon dots (CDs)
			Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
			Graphene
				N-doped carbon-based materials
				P, S-codoped carbon materials
				B-doped carbon materials
			Photocatalytic reduction of CO2
			Photocatalytic removal of NOx
			Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
		Conclusions and future scopes
		References
5---Bismuth-series-photocatalytic-materials_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-fo
	Bismuth series photocatalytic materials for the treatment of environmental pollutants
		Introduction
		Bi-based nanostructured materials synthesis
			Synthesis of bismuth oxyhalide
			Synthesis of bismuth oxide
			Synthesis of other bismuth-based oxides (BiaAOb; A=Fe, V, W, Mo)
		Bi-based nanostructured materials for environmental remediation
			Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using Bi-based nanostructured materials
			Photocatalytic reduction of heavy metals using Bi-based nanostructured materials
			Photocatalytic oxidation of air contaminants using Bi-based nanostructured materials
		Conclusions and perspectives
		References
6---Transition-metal-oxide-based-materia_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-V
	Transition metal oxide-based materials for visible-light-photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Different approaches for visible light photocatalysis in TMOs
			Doping
				Doping in TiO2
				Doping in ZnO
			Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts
			Modification by noble metal nanoparticles
				Au/TMO-based plasmonic photocatalysts
				Ag/TMO-based plasmonic photocatalysts
			Dye sensitization
		Other TMOs for visible light photocatalysis
		Unitary TMOs as visible light photocatalysts (MnO2, Fe2O3, CuxO, WO3)
		Conclusion
		References
7---Chalcogenides-for-visible-light-_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visib
	Chalcogenides for visible light-induced photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Classification of chalcogenides
			Classification of chalcogenides based on metals
				Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal chalcogenides
				Transition metal chalcogenides
					Monochalcogenides
					Dichalcogenides
					Tri- and tetrachalcogenides
					Metal-rich chalcogenides
				Main group chalcogenides
			Classification of chalcogenides based on number of elements
				Binary chalcogenide
				Ternary chalcogenide
				Quaternary chalcogenide
		Chemistry of metal chalcogenides
		Light-active chalcogenide materials
			Photocatalytic activity of sulfide, selenide, and telluride
				Metal sulfides as photocatalyst chalcogenides
				Metal selenides as photocatalyst chalcogenides
					Properties of selenide-based chalcogenide: Cadmium selenide
					Properties of selenide-based chalcogenides: Nickel selenide
				Metal tellurides as photocatalyst chalcogenides
					Bandgap energy of cadmium telluride
					For an indirect bandgap
					For a direct bandgap
		Conclusion
		References
8---Phosphides-and-nitrides-for-visi_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visib
	Phosphides and nitrides for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
			Background
			Basic fundamentals of photocatalysis
		Semiconductor materials for photocatalysis
			The past and present of photocatalysis
			Evolution of phosphides and nitrides for visible light photocatalysis
		Phosphides and nitrides
			A brief introduction
				Phosphides
				Nitrides
		Synthetic routes for preparation of phosphides and nitrides
			Synthesis of phosphides
			Synthesis of nitrides
		Mechanistic pathway proposal
			Role of phosphide
			Role of nitride and oxynitride
		Challenges and future perspective
		Conclusion
		References
9---Rare-earth-doped-nanomaterials-for-visibl_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-
	Rare earth doped nanomaterials for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes
		Introduction
		Modifications to conventional semiconductors
			Nonmetal doping
			Transition metal doping
			Multiatom doped TiO2
			Doping with iron
			Coupling with other narrow bandgap semiconductors
			Dye sensitization in photocatalysis
			Rare earth ions doping
		Fluorescence and phosphorescence mechanism
			Upconversion luminescent materials
			Downconversion phosphors photocatalysis
			Long afterglow phosphors (LAPs) Photocatalysis
		Conclusion
		References
10---Doped-ceramics-for-visible-li_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible
	Doped ceramics for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Doping in ceramics and its influence
			Modifications in light absorption
			Modifications in the band position
			Modification in carrier recombination
		Degradation of organic pollutants
		Conclusion and future prospects
		References
11---Nanocomposites-for-visible-li_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible
	Nanocomposites for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		The critical conditions to design heterostructure
		Types of heterojunction nanocomposites based on band alignment
		Classifications of nanocomposites based on morphology
		Synthesis strategies of nanocomposites
			Deposition-precipitation method
			Hydrothermal and solvothermal method
			Ion exchange method
			Self-assembly method
			Wet impregnation method
			Mechanical agitation method
		Visible light-driven photocatalytic applications of nanocomposites
			Common organic pollutants in wastewater
				Photocatalytic dye removal
				Emerging pollutants
				Photocatalytic degradation of inorganic pollutants
		Photocatalytic mechanism
			Determination of valence band and conduction band position
			Determination of charge carrier separation and transfer
				Photoluminescence (PL) spectra, PL study, and lifetime
				Transient photocurrent
				Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
			Determination of reactive species in Photocatalysis
				Scavenger study
				Electron spin resonance study (ESR)
		Conclusion, current challenges, and future prospects
		Acknowledgments
		References
12---Defects-in-nanomaterials-for-vis_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visi
	Defects in nanomaterials for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Classification and type of defects in nanomaterials
			Bulk defects
				Anion vacancy or oxygen vacancy defects
				Cation vacancy or metal (Mn+) vacancy defects
			Surface defects
			Interface defects
			Vacancy associates
			Voids or pits and lattice dislocations
		Characterization techniques of defects
			Spectroscopic techniques
				Electron paramagnetic resonance
				X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
				Positron annihilation spectroscopy
				Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy
			Microscopic techniques
		Conclusion
		References
13---Facet-dependent-nanostructures-for_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Vi
	Facet-dependent nanostructures for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Cuprous oxide photocatalysts
		Bismuth vanadates (BiVO4) photocatalyst
		Conclusions
		References
14---Morphology-dependent-visible-l_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visibl
	Morphology-dependent visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		General mechanism of photocatalysis
		Morphology
			Zero-dimensional (0D) nanostructures
			One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures
			Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures
			Three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures
		Types of photocatalysts
			Single-material photocatalysts
			Heterojunction photocatalysts
				Common heterojunction photocatalysts
				Z-scheme photocatalysts
				Plasmonic photocatalysts
		Challenges in visible light photocatalysis and advantages of hierarchical photocatalysts
		Morphology-dependent visible light photocatalysis for environmental and energy issues
			Photodegradation
			Photocatalytic water splitting for H2 fuel generation
			Photocatalytic CO2 reduction
		Future scope
		Conclusion
		References
15---Green-technology-for-environmen_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visib
	Green technology for environmental hazard remediation
		What is green technology?
		Principles of sustainability
		Benefits from green technologies
		Disadvantages of green technologies
		Exploring the goals of green technology
		Green technology using photocatalysts
		Green nanostructured photocatalysts
		Principles and mechanisms of green photocatalysis
			Sunlight-driven photocatalysts
			Metal oxide-driven photocatalysts
			Metal-doped metal oxide photocatalysts
			Plasmonic photocatalysis
			Carbon family photocatalysts
			Z-scheme in photocatalysis
			Leaf-driven photocatalysis for nanoparticles
		Summary
		References
16---Degradation-of-emergent-pollutants-us_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for
	Degradation of emergent pollutants using visible light-triggered photocatalysts
		Introduction
		Emerging pollutants
		Visible light-triggered degradation of emerging pollutants
			Plasticizers
			Agrochemicals
			Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
			Food additives and sweeteners
		Summary and future outlook
		References
17---Agricultural-application-of-vis_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visib
	Agricultural application of visible light photocatalyst
		Introduction
			Consumption and production of pesticides
			Pernicious effects of pesticides
				Impact on humans
				Impact on biodiversity
				Soil pollution
		Kind and decomposition of pesticides
			Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
			Endosulfan
			Chlordane
			Endrin
			Heptachlor
		Factors in the photocatalytic activities
			pH influence
			Intensity of light
			Flow rate of feed
			Concentration of pollutants
			Number of catalyst loading layers
			Immobilization temperature of the catalyst layer
			Species of ions
		Development of photocatalyst under visible light irradiation
			Hybrid photocatalysts
				Graphene-based photocatalytic composites
				TiO2-supported activated carbon composites
				Doped-photocatalyst nanoparticles
				Other photocatalytic-hybrid materials
		Summary
		Present and future scope
		References
18---Polymer-based-materials-for-visi_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visi
	Polymer-based materials for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
			An overview of recent developed UV- and visible light-induced photocatalysts
		Polymer-based photocatalytic materials as efficient photocatalysts
		Synthesis and characterization of polymer-based photocatalytic materials
			Poly(diacetylene)-based photocatalyst
				Characterization of the material
					Photocatalytic activity measurements
			Polyaniline-based photocatalyst
			Polythiophene-based photocatalyst
			Polypyrrole-based photocatalysts
		Application of polymer-based materials in visible light-induced photocatalysis
			Hydrogen production from water under visible light
			Degradation of organic pollutants
			Degradation of inorganic pollutants
			Degradation of biological pollutants
		Conclusions and future perspectives
		References
19---Large-scale-materials-for-visib_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visib
	Large-scale materials for visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Strategies for fabrication of photocatalysts on a large scale
			Hydrothermal method
			Solvothermal method
			Thermal method
			Wet chemical method
			Other synthetic strategies
		Applications of large-scale produced photocatalysts
			Degradation of pollutants
			Removal of toxic gases
			Production of hydrogen
			Other applications
		Photocatalysts synthesized so far on a large scale
			Titania-based photocatalysts
			Graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts
			ZnO-based photocatalysts
			Other large-scale synthesized photocatalysts
		Summary and future perspective
		Acknowledgment
		References
20---Industrial-problems-and-solution-to_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-V
	Industrial problems and solution towards visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
			Photocatalysis and its importance
			Types of industrial dyes
		Photocatalysis mechanism
			Light absorption for the generation of electron-hole pairs
			Separation of the excited charges
			Electron and hole transportation to the surface of the photocatalyst
			The redox reaction on the surface
		Basic requirements for photocatalysis
		Classification of photocatalysts
			First-generation photocatalysts
			Second-generation photocatalysts
			Third-generation photocatalysts
		Industrial problems
		Advancements and solutions
		Summary
		References
21---Current-status--research-gaps--and-future_2022_Nanostructured-Materials
	Current status, research gaps, and future scope for nanomaterials toward visible light photocatalysis
		Introduction
		Fundamentals and application areas of photocatalysts
			Basic concepts
			Application areas of photocatalysts
				Water splitting
				CO2 reduction
				Pollutant removal
		Current trends of photocatalysts
			Photo(electro)catalyst reactors
			Photocatalyst efficiency
			Modification of photocatalysts
				Heterojunction interface engineering
				Z-scheme interfacing
				Plasmonic photocatalysts
				Metal/nonmetal-doping and sensitizers
			Nonmetallic-based photocatalysts
			Photoelectrochemistry
			Mimicking nature
		Summary and future scope
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index_2022_Nanostructured-Materials-for-Visible-Light-Photocatalysis
	Index
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		Q
		R
		S
		T
		U
		V
		W
		X
		Z
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