Nanostructured Carbon Electron Emitters and Their Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: FEM and FIM of Carbon Nanotubes
	1.1: Structure of CNT and Electron Emission Properties
	1.2: FEM of CNT
		1.2.1: MWCNT with a Closed Cap
		1.2.2: Thin MWCNT with a Cone-Shaped Tip
		1.2.3: SWCNTs
		1.2.4: MWCNT with an Open Tip
	1.3: Energy Spectra of Emitted Electrons
	1.4: Field-Emission Study of CNT in TEM
	1.5: FIM of CNT
		1.5.1: Capped MWCNT
		1.5.2: Broken Tip and Open-Ended MWCNT
		1.5.3: SWCNT and DWCNT Bundles
	1.6: Summary and Conclusion
Chapter 2: Electromechanical Self‐Oscillations  of Carbon Field Emitters
	2.1: Introduction
	2.2: Introduction to Electromechanical Self-Oscillators
		2.2.1: Self-Oscillation
		2.2.2: General Model of Self-Oscillations: The Van der Pol Oscillator
		2.2.3: Specificity of the Single Clamped Field-Emission Geometry
	2.3: Self-Oscillations of Individual Carbon Nano-emitters
		2.3.1: First Observations
			2.3.1.1: The “head-shaking” effect
			2.3.1.2: Self-oscillations on SWCNT
		2.3.2: Characterization of Nano-electromechanical Self-Oscillating Field Emitters
			2.3.2.1: Self-sustained oscillations in an electronic microscope
			2.3.2.2: Self-oscillations in an ultrahigh vacuum environment
		2.3.3: Toward Large Scale Integration
	2.4: Self-Oscillation for Large Carbon Emitters
		2.4.1: Self-Oscillations from Assembly of Nanotubes
		2.4.2: Very High Current with Carbon Fiber Self-Oscillators
	2.5: Conclusion
Chapter 3: Performance of Point-Typed Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters
	3.1: Introduction
	3.2: Point-Typed CNT Field Emitter Made of a CNT Bundle
	3.3: Point-Typed CNT Field Emitter Made of a CNT Yarn
	3.4: Point-Typed CNT Field Emitter Made of a CNT Film
	3.5: Point-Typed CNT Field Emitter Fabricated by CNT Paste
	3.6: Point-Typed CNT Field Emitter Made of a Free-standing CNT Film
	3.7: Summary
Chapter 4: Theoretical Field-Emission Patterns from Carbon Nanotubes
	4.1: Introduction
	4.2: Field-Emission Patterns from CNTs Calculated Using TD-DFT
		4.2.1: TD-DFT
		4.2.2: Method and Computational Details
		4.2.3: Results and Discussion
	4.3: Field-Emission Patterns from CNT Calculated Using DFT
		4.3.1: Theoretical Models for Calculating Field-Emission Patterns
		4.3.2: Method and Computing Details
		4.3.3: Results and Discussions
	4.4: Conclusion
Chapter 5: Heat Localization and Thermionic Emission from Carbon Nanotubes
	5.1: Introduction
	5.2: Thermionic Emission from Carbon Nanotubes
	5.3: Heat Localization in Carbon Nanotube Forests Leading to Thermionic Emission
		5.3.1: The Heat Trap Effect
		5.3.2: The Effect of Photon Wavelength and Combined Multiphoton Thermal Photoemission
		5.3.3: The Effect of Polarization and Temporal Behavior
		5.3.4: The Mechanism of Heat Localization
		5.3.5: Applications of Thermionic Emission Due to Heat Trap
	5.4: Conclusion and Outlook: The Future of Thermionic Emission from Carbon Nanotubes
	5.5: Acknowledgments
Chapter 6: Field Emission from the Edges of Single-Layer Graphene
	6.1: Introduction
	6.2: Survey of Theoretical Work
	6.3: Survey of Experimental Work
	6.4: UHV Studies of Free-Standing, Individual, Cleaned, Graphene Flakes
	6.5: Summary and Perspectives
Chapter 7: FEM and FIM of Graphene
	7.1: Introduction
	7.2: FEM of Graphene
		7.2.1: Preparation of Graphene Emitter
		7.2.2: “Lip” Pattern Typical of Graphene Field Emitter
		7.2.3: Change of FEM Images from “Lip” to Dim Pattern
		7.2.4: Origin of “Lip” Pattern
		7.2.5: Frequent Encounter of “Lip” Patterns in Graphene-Related Materials
	7.3: FIM of Graphene
		7.3.1: FIM Images of Graphene
		7.3.2: Historic Survey of Graphite FIM
	7.4: Conclusion
Chapter 8: Spin-Polarized Field-Emitted Electrons from Graphene Oxide Edges
	8.1: Introduction
	8.2: Experimental Method
	8.3: Spin Polarization at Edges of Graphene Oxide
	8.4: Change in Spin Polarization Due to Adsorption
	8.5: Conclusion and Remarks
Chapter 9: Theoretical Coherent Field Emission of Graphene
	9.1: Coherent Cold Field Emission
	9.2: Graphene Emitter with a Uniform Edge
	9.3: Path-Decomposition Approach
	9.4: CFE Patterns of Graphene
		9.4.1: Quantum States
		9.4.2: Emission Waves and Patterns
	9.5: Discussions and Summary
Chapter 10: Influence of Edge Structures of Graphene on Field-Emission Properties
	10.1: Introduction
	10.2: Theoretical Procedures
	10.3: Structural Models
	10.4: Edge-Shape Effect on the Field-Emission Property of Graphene
	10.5: Edge-Functionalization Effect on the Field-Emission Property of Graphene
	10.6: Conclusion
Chapter 11: Theory of Thermionic Electron Emission for 2D Materials
	11.1: Introduction
	11.2: Thermionic Emission
	11.3: Field Emission
	11.4: Thermionic Emission Models for 2D Materials
		11.4.1: Motivation
		11.4.2: General Formalism of Electron Emission in 2D Materials
		11.4.3: Dirac Cone Model of Graphene
		11.4.4: Graphene Vertical Thermionic Emission: k||-Conserving Model
		11.4.5: Graphene Vertical Thermionic Emission: k||-Nonconserving Model
		11.4.6: Graphene Vertical Thermionic Emission at  High-Energy Regime
		11.4.7: Universal Thermionic Emission Model
	11.5: Conclusion and Outlooks
Chapter 12: Direct Grown Vertically Full Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electron Emitters for X-Ray and UV Devices
	12.1: Introduction
	12.2: Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays
	12.3: Carbon Nanotube as a Cold Cathode
		12.3.1: Diode-Based FE Device Structure with CNT Cold Cathodes
		12.3.2: Triode-Based FE Device Structure with CNT Cold Cathodes
			12.3.2.1: The effect of alignment of CNT emitter to gate electrode
			12.3.2.2: The effect of thermal stability of gate electrode
	12.4: X-Ray Imaging with C-Beam
	12.5: UV Irradiative Applications with C-Beam
	12.6: Summary
Chapter 13: Development of CNT X-Ray Technology for Medical and Dental Imaging
	13.1: Introduction
		13.1.1: Conventional Thermionic X-Ray
		13.1.2: Field-Emission X-Ray
		13.1.3: CNT Field-Emission X-Ray
	13.2: CNT X-Ray Devices
		13.2.1: CNT Cathode
		13.2.2: Single-Beam CNT X-Ray Source
		13.2.3: Spatially Distributed CNT X-Ray Source Array
	13.3: Medical and Dental Imaging Applications
		13.3.1: Motivation
		13.3.2: CNT X-Ray-Based Stationary Digital Tomosynthesis
			13.3.2.1: Detection of breast cancer
			13.3.2.2: Chest imaging
			13.3.2.3: Dental imaging
	13.4: Conclusions
Chapter 14: Graphene Cold Field-Emission Sources for Electron Microscopy Applications
	14.1: Introduction
	14.2: Work Function
	14.3: Energy Distribution
		14.3.1: Theoretical Background
		14.3.2: Statistical Coulomb Interactions
		14.3.3: Measured Values of the FWHM Energy Spread for the Graphene Cold Field Electron
	14.4: Source Electron Optics
	14.5: Current Fluctuations
		14.5.1: Short-Term Current Fluctuations
		14.5.2: Long-Term Current Drift
	14.6: Summary
Chapter 15: CNT Field-Emission Cathode for Space Applications
	15.1: Introduction
	15.2: Overview of KITE
	15.3: CNT Cathode for KITE
		15.3.1: CNT Cathode Module
		15.3.2: Structure and Characteristics of CNT Cathode
		15.3.3: Electrical Circuit and Operation of CNT Cathode
		15.3.4: Unique Treatment for Use in Space
			15.3.4.1: Consideration of atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit
			15.3.4.2: Tolerance to mechanical and thermal environments
	15.4: Results and Findings of On-Orbit Operation of CNT Cathodes
		15.4.1: Overview of Cathode Operation
		15.4.2: I–V Characteristics and Tolerance to Atomic Oxygen Environment On-Orbit
		15.4.3: Electron Emission Behavior to Ambient Space Plasma
	15.5: Next Steps
	15.6: Conclusion
Chapter 16: Growth of Long Linear Carbon Chains after Serious Field Emission from a CNT Film
	16.1: Introduction
	16.2: Field Electron Emission Accompanied with Electrical Discharge for Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films
	16.3: Long Linear Carbon Chains in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films after Electrical Discharge
	16.4: Conclusions
Chapter 17: Emission of C20+ by Field Evaporation from CNT
	17.1: Introduction
	17.2: Field Evaporation of Carbon Ions from CNT Under High Electric Field
	17.3: Magic Cluster Ion, C20+, in Field Evaporation Mass Spectra
	17.4: Other Evidences of the Existence of C20 Clusters in Gas Phase
	17.5: Conclusion
Index