Nanorobotics and Nanodiagnostics in Integrative Biology and Biomedicine

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Nanorobotics and Nanodiagnostics in Integrative Biology and Biomedicine: A Note from the Editors
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Historical Background
	1.3 Overview of the Book
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Nanorobots for Drug Delivery, Surgery, and Biosensing
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Design of Nanorobots
	2.3 Application
		2.3.1 Drug Delivery
		2.3.2 Surgery
		2.3.3 Biosensing
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Biomolecule-Based Nanorobot for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 DNA and Proteins
	3.3 CAD Systems for Bio-nanorobotics Simulation
	3.4 Biomolecule-Loaded Therapeutic Delivery
		3.4.1 Pharmaceuticals
		3.4.2 Biologics and Genes
		3.4.3 Living Cell-Based Therapies
	3.5 Selected Diseases
		3.5.1 Cancer
			3.5.1.1 Diabetes
			3.5.1.2 Hemorrhage Treatment
	3.6 Challenges and Prospects
	References
Chapter 4: Printable Nanorobots and Microswimmers for Therapeutic Advancement: Present Status and Future Opportunities
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Overview of 3D Printing Techniques for Nanorobot Fabrication
		4.2.1 Powder-Bed Fusion
		4.2.2 Vat Polymerization
		4.2.3 Inkjet Printing
		4.2.4 Extrusion and Direct-Ink-Writing Printing
		4.2.5 Direct Laser Writing Printing
	4.3 Materials for 3D Printing of Micro-/Nanomotors
	4.4 Shape Reconfiguration for Tunable Multifunctionality
	4.5 Types of Nanomotors and Their Function
		4.5.1 Helical Micro-/Nanoswimmers
		4.5.2 Tubular Micro-/Nanoswimmers
		4.5.3 Micro-/Nanomotors with Mixed Functions
	4.6 Propulsion Mechanism of Nanomotors
		4.6.1 Chemical and Biological Propulsion
		4.6.2 Magnetic Propulsion
		4.6.3 Ultrasonic Propulsion
	4.7 Therapeutic Applications
	4.8 Key Challenges and Future Outlook
	4.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Fundamental in Polymer-/Nanohybrid-Based Nanorobotics for Theranostics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Polymers
		5.2.1 Natural Polymers
			5.2.1.1 Alginate
			5.2.1.2 Collagen
			5.2.1.3 Chitosan
			5.2.1.4 Gelatin
			5.2.1.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
		5.2.2 Synthetic Biopolymer
			5.2.2.1 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
			5.2.2.2 Poly(D,L-Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
			5.2.2.3 Polyethylene Glycol
	5.3 Fabrication of Theranostic Nanorobots
		5.3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Theranostics
		5.3.2 Micelles
		5.3.3 Dendrimers
		5.3.4 Nanogels
		5.3.5 Hybrid Conjugates
	5.4 Bioconjugation Process
	5.5 Application in Theranostics
		5.5.1 Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
		5.5.2 Bacterial Infections and Wound Healing
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Magneto-Responsive Nanohybrids for Bioimaging
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nanohybrids
		6.2.1 Carbon-Carbon NHs
		6.2.2 Carbon-Metal NHs
		6.2.3 Metal-Metal NHs
		6.2.4 Organic Molecule-Coated NHs
			6.2.4.1 Synthesis of Polymeric Nanocapsules (NCs)
			6.2.4.2 Lipid-Based NHs
			6.2.4.3 Cellulose-Supported Magnetic NHs
		6.2.5 Virus Nanoparticles (VNPs)
	6.3 Characterizations of Nanohybrids
		6.3.1 ICP-MS and ICP-OES
		6.3.2 EDS
		6.3.3 SEM and TEM
		6.3.4 XRD
		6.3.5 Magnetic Properties of Nanohybrids
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Photothermal Nanomaterials for Wound Monitoring and Cancer Biomedicine
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Photothermal Nanomaterials: Application for Wound Healing and Monitoring
		7.2.1 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy for Wound Healing
		7.2.2 Photothermal Nanomaterials for Skin Wound Healing
		7.2.3 Photothermal Nanomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Defects
	7.3 Photothermal Nanomaterials: Applications for Cancer Biomedicine
		7.3.1 Photothermal Therapy Using Metal Nanomaterials
		7.3.2 Photothermal Therapy Using Semiconductor Nanomaterials
		7.3.3 Photothermal Therapy Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		7.3.4 Photothermal Therapy Using Conducting Polymers
	7.4 Limitations and Future Prospect
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Polymer Nanohybrid-Based Smart Platforms for Controlled Delivery and Wound Management
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Classification of the Polymers
		8.2.1 Natural Polymers
		8.2.2 Synthetic Polymers
	8.3 Kinds of Nanomaterials
		8.3.1 0D and 1D Nanomaterials
		8.3.2 2D and 3D Nanomaterials
	8.4 Application of Polymer Nanohybrid-Based Smart Platforms
		8.4.1 Delivery of Active Molecules
		8.4.2 Wound Management
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Development of Efficient Strategies for Physical Stimuli-Responsive Programmable Nanotherapeutics
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials
		9.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Nanomaterial
			9.2.1.1 Programming with Different Thermoresponsive Chemical Compounds
			9.2.1.2 LCST Programming for Thermal Targeting and Controlled Release
				Programming with Different Architecture
				Programming with Additional Functional Groups
				Photo-responsive Nanomaterials
				Programming with Different Basic Chemistry That Is Light-Responsive
				Programming with Additional Functional Groups
		9.2.2 Ultrasound-Responsive Materials
			9.2.2.1 Programming Using Basic Chemistry for Ultrasound-Responsive Materials
			9.2.2.2 Programming with Functional Groups on Nanomaterials
		9.2.3 Magnetic Field-Responsive Nanomaterials
			9.2.3.1 Programming Using the Magnetic Field-Responsive Chemical Compounds
			9.2.3.2 Programming After Modification with Different Functional Groups
				Electroresponsive Nanomaterials
				Programming Using Different Chemical Modification
				Programming After Modification with Different Functional Groups
	9.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 10: The Flexible and Wearable Pressure Sensing Microsystems for Medical Diagnostics
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials
		10.2.1 Substrate Materials
		10.2.2 Active Materials
	10.3 Fundamentals of Pressure Sensors
		10.3.1 Sensing Mechanisms
			10.3.1.1 Piezoresistivity
			10.3.1.2 Capacitance
			10.3.1.3 Piezoelectricity
			10.3.1.4 Triboelectricity
		10.3.2 Key Parameters of Pressure Sensor
			10.3.2.1 Sensitivity
			10.3.2.2 Power Consumption
			10.3.2.3 Other Key Parameters
	10.4 Applications for Flexible Pressure Sensors
		10.4.1 Detecting Heart Rate or Pulse
		10.4.2 Detecting Pressure In Vivo
		10.4.3 Gait Monitoring
		10.4.4 Recognition of Sound Signal
		10.4.5 Breath Detection
		10.4.6 Tactile Perception
	10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 11: Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip for Biomedical Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Fabrication of Microfluidic System
	11.3 Significance of Nonlinear Process in Microfluidics
	11.4 Significance of Microfluidic Systems
	11.5 Biomedical Applications
		11.5.1 Organs-on-Chips (OoCs)
		11.5.2 Lung-on-a-Chip (LuoC)
		11.5.3 Brain-on-a-Chip (BoC)
		11.5.4 Joint/Muscle-on-a-Chip (JoC) and Human-on-a-Chip (HoC)
	11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 12: Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Medical Diagnosis II: Strategies for Pathogen Detection
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 LoC Fabrication for Medical Diagnosis
	12.3 Pathogen Diagnosis
	12.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 13: Nanodiagnostics: New Tools for Detection of Animal Pathogens
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Traditional Methods for Detection of Animal Diseases
	13.3 Recent Approaches of Nanomaterial Applications in Detection of Animal Diseases
		13.3.1 Types of Nanodiagnostics
			13.3.1.1 Nanotubes
			13.3.1.2 Nanocrystal
			13.3.1.3 Nanorobotics
			13.3.1.4 Nanowires
			13.3.1.5 Quantum Dots
		13.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Nanodiagnostics
			13.3.2.1 Disease Diagnosis and Therapy
			13.3.2.2 Cancer Detection
			13.3.2.3 Bio-imaging
	13.4 Methods of Nanoparticle Functionalization for Disease Diagnosis
		13.4.1 Immuno-Based Methods
			13.4.1.1 Avian Influenza
			13.4.1.2 Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
			13.4.1.3 Newcastle Disease
		13.4.2 Molecular-Based Methods
			13.4.2.1 Anthrax
			13.4.2.2 Brucellosis
			13.4.2.3 Aflatoxicosis
	13.5 Nano Biosensors Using Biomarkers
		13.5.1 Types of Biosensors
			13.5.1.1 Electro-Chemical Biosensors
			13.5.1.2 Potentiometric Biosensors
			13.5.1.3 Amperometric Biosensors
			13.5.1.4 Impedimetric Biosensors
		13.5.2 Optical Biosensor
		13.5.3 Mass-Based Biosensor
		13.5.4 Calorimetric Biosensor
		13.5.5 Detection of Antibody Markers
		13.5.6 DNA Sensors
		13.5.7 Aptasensors
		13.5.8 Immunosensors
		13.5.9 Miscellaneous
	13.6 Conclusions and Future Prospective
	References
Chapter 14: Nano-Based Robotic Technologies for Plant Disease Diagnosis
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Pathogen Detection Methods
		14.2.1 Morphological Tools
		14.2.2 Molecular Tools
		14.2.3 Omics Tools
		14.2.4 Nano-Based Diagnostics Tools
			14.2.4.1 Nanoparticle-Based Sensors
				Quantum Dot
				Metal Nanoparticles
				Gold Nanoparticles for Pathogen Diagnosis
				Magnetic Nanoparticles
				Carbon Nanotubes
		14.2.5 Nanobiosensors
			14.2.5.1 CRISPR/Cas-Powered Nanobiosensors
		14.2.6 Nanochips
		14.2.7 Nanopore-Based Detection
	14.3 Robotics Techniques for Plant Pathogens Detection
	14.4 Nanotools for Detection of Plant Pathogens
		14.4.1 Detection of Bacterial Pathogens
		14.4.2 Fungal Pathogens Detection
		14.4.3 Viral Pathogen Detection
	14.5 Diagnosis of the Plant Varieties and Other Forms
	14.6 Challenges
	14.7 Future Trends
	14.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15: Nanodiagnostic Tools for Mycotoxins Detection
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Conventional Diagnostics for Mycotoxins in Agriculture
	15.3 Nanosurveillance to Mitigate Mycotoxins
	15.4 Nanodiagnostics for Mycotoxins
		15.4.1 Sensors Based on Nanomaterials for Mycotoxin Surveillance
		15.4.2 Metallic Nanoparticles
	15.5 Smart Nanosensors
		15.5.1 Nanoparticles with Conductivity-Based Sensors
		15.5.2 Antibody-Coupled Nanomaterials
	15.6 Smart and Antifungal Packaging Nanosurveillance
	15.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 16: CRISPR/Cas Systems: A New Biomedical and Agricultural Diagnostic Devices for Viral Diseases
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 CRISPR/Cas-Based Diagnostic Tools
		16.2.1 CRISPR: An Introduction
		16.2.2 Applications of CRISPR
			16.2.2.1 CRISPR Applications in Plant Breeding
			16.2.2.2 CRISPR Applications in Animal Breeding
			16.2.2.3 CRISPR Applications in Biotherapy
		16.2.3 CRISPR/Cas
		16.2.4 CRISPR/Cas Mechanism
		16.2.5 CRISPR/Cas System
			16.2.5.1 Cas3
			16.2.5.2 Cas9
			16.2.5.3 Cas12
			16.2.5.4 Cas13
			16.2.5.5 CRISPR/Cas14
		16.2.6 CRISPR Methods and Techniques
			16.2.6.1 CRISPR-Mediated Gene Knockout
			16.2.6.2 CRISPR/Cas Knock-In
			16.2.6.3 CRISPRa and CRISPRi
			16.2.6.4 CRISPR/Cas System Screens
			16.2.6.5 Base Editing and Prime Editing
		16.2.7 CRISPR/Cas Diagnostic Tools
			16.2.7.1 CRISPR/Cas3
			16.2.7.2 CRISPR/Cas9
				CARP-Cas9
				CAS-EXPAR and NASBACC-Cas9
				FELUDA-Cas9
			16.2.7.3 CRISPR/Cas12
				DETECTR-Cas12
				HOLMES-Cas12a
				SENA-Cas12a
				ITP-CRISPR/Cas12a
				AIOD-CRISPR/Cas12a
				CRISPR-ENHANCE-Cas12a
				iSCAN (CRISPR/Cas12a)
			16.2.7.4 CRISPR/Cas 13
				Cas13
				SHERLOCK-Cas13
				CREST-Cas13a
				CARMEN-Cas13a
				CARVER-Cas13a
		16.2.8 Challenges
		16.2.9 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Chapter 17: DNA-Nanosensors for Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metal Ions
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Heavy Metals Pollution and Detection
	17.3 Nanobiosensors and Pollution Detection
	17.4 DNA Biosensor and DNA Nanobiosensors
	17.5 Nanosensors and DNA Nanosensors for Heavy Metals Detection
	17.6 Challenges
	17.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
Chapter 18: Smart Nanosensors for Pesticides and Heavy Metals Detection
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Overview of Sensing Techniques
		18.2.1 The Need for Smart and Intelligent Nanosensors
		18.2.2 Smart Nanosensors and Nanobiosensors
		18.2.3 Operation Modes of Nanosensors
	18.3 Nanomaterials and their Types
		18.3.1 General Aspect of Nanomaterials
		18.3.2 Type of Nanomaterials
	18.4 Nanomaterial-Based Nanosensors/Nanobiosensors and Their Applications
		18.4.1 Nanosensors for Pesticides and Heavy Metal Detection
			18.4.1.1 Noble Metal-Based Nanosensors
			18.4.1.2 Semiconductor-Based Nanosensors
			18.4.1.3 Nanocarbon-Based Nanosensors
			18.4.1.4 Nanocomposite-Based Nanosensors
		18.4.2 Nanobiosensors for Pesticides and Heavy Metal Detection
			18.4.2.1 Enzyme-Derived Nanobiosensors
			18.4.2.2 Immuno-Derived Nanobiosensors
			18.4.2.3 Nucleic Acid-Derived Nanobiosensors
			18.4.2.4 Whole-Cell Biosensors
	18.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
Index