Nanopharmaceuticals. Principles and Applications Volume 2

Preface to the Second Volume
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Environmental and Toxicological Implications of Nanopharmaceuticals: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Conventional Nanocarriers Used in Nanopharmaceuticals
		1.2.1 Pure Metal-Based Nanocarriers such as Silver, Gold, Iron, and Copper
		1.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanocarriers
			Fullerenes or C60
			Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures
			Carbon Nanotubes
			Carbon Dots
		1.2.3 Quantum Dots
		1.2.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocarriers
		1.2.5 Nanoclays
		1.2.6 Dendrimers
		1.2.7 Polymeric Nanocarriers
	1.3 Quantitative Techniques for Nanopharmaceuticals
	1.4 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion/Elimination, and Toxicity-Based Studies of Nanopharmaceuticals
	1.5 Environmental Contamination of Nanopharmaceuticals
	1.6 Future Research Directions
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Herbal Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Cancer Overview
		2.1.2 Limitation of Conventional Therapeutic Modalities
		2.1.3 Importance of Nanomedicine
	2.2 Bioactive Herbal Compounds: History and Discovery Strategies
		2.2.1 Structures of Important Herbal Compounds
	2.3 Cancer Targeting Strategies and Herbal Nanostructures
		2.3.1 Active Targeting
		2.3.2 Passive Targeting: Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect
		2.3.3 Herbal Nanostructures for Cancer Treatment
			Liposomes and Other Lipid Carriers
			Micelles
			Polymeric Nanoparticles
			Nanoemulsions
			Nanocapsules
			Dendrimers
			Inorganic Nanoparticles
	2.4 Challenges and Future Prospects
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Nanopharmaceuticals: In Relevance to Drug Delivery and Targeting
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Nanopharmaceuticals in Drug Delivery and Targeting
		3.2.1 Passive Targeting
		3.2.2 Active Targeting
	3.3 Nanopharmaceutical Types
		3.3.1 Carbon-Based Nanotubes
		3.3.2 Quantum Dots (QDs)
		3.3.3 Dendrimers
		3.3.4 Nanoshells
		3.3.5 Niosome
		3.3.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		3.3.7 Polymeric Nanoparticle
		3.3.8 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle
	3.4 FDA-Approved Nanopharmaceuticals
	3.5 Futuristic Scenario of Nanopharmaceuticals
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Natural Products and Nanopharmaceuticals
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Nanopharmaceuticals
		4.2.1 Bioavailability
		4.2.2 Targeting
		4.2.3 Sustained Release
		4.2.4 Types of Nanocarriers
			Liposomes
			Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
			Polymeric Nanoparticles
				Dendrimers
				Polymeric Micelles
			Metallic Nanoparticles
			Nanocrystals
			Nanoemulsions
			Phytosomes
	4.3 Natural Products Encapsulated in Nanopharmaceuticals
		4.3.1 Examples of Natural Products Encapsulated into Nanocarriers
			Paclitaxel
			Doxorubicin
			Curcumin
			Resveratrol
			Silibinin
			Parvifloron D
			Quercetin
			Epigallocatechin Gallate
			Vincristine
	4.4 Nanopharmaceuticals Based on Natural Products as Encapsulant Material
		4.4.1 Polysaccharides as Encapsulating Material
			Chitosan
			Alginate
			Starch
			Pectin
		4.4.2 Glycosaminoglycans
			Heparin
			Albumin
			Gelatin
	4.5 Challenges Involved in the Development of Nanopharmaceuticals
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Vesicular Nanocarriers: A Potential Platform for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Skin Anatomy and Physiology
		5.2.1 Epidermis
		5.2.2 Dermis
		5.2.3 Subcutaneous Tissue
		5.2.4 Human Skin Functions
		5.2.5 Pathways for Skin Penetration
			Transepidermal Pathway
			Transappendageal Pathway
	5.3 Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery
		5.3.1 Strategies to Overcome the Skin Barrier
			Penetration Enhancement by Modifying Stratum Corneum
				Hydration
				Chemical Penetration Enhancers
				Physical Penetration Enhancement
			Penetration Enhancement Through Optimization of Drug and Vehicle Properties
				Optimization of Drug Properties
				Optimization of Vehicle Properties
	5.4 Vesicular Carriers
		5.4.1 Vesicular Carriers for Skin Delivery
			Conventional Liposomes
				Methods of Liposome Preparation
				Effect of Formulation Variables on Skin Penetration
				Mechanisms of Skin Penetration
			Transfersomes
				Formulation Considerations
				Mechanism of Skin Penetration
				Merits of Transfersomes
			Ethosomes
				Formulation Considerations
				Mechanism of Skin Penetration
				Merits of Ethosomes
			Niosomes
				Effect of Formulation Variables
					Non-ionic Surfactants
					Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB)
					Critical Packing Parameter (CPP)
					Additive Compounds
				Niosome Advantages
			Provesicular Technology
				Proniosomes
				Proliposomes
			Other Novel Vesicular Carriers
				Ufasomes
				Polymersomes
				Vesosomes
				Sphingosomes
				Cubosomes
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Nanotechnology in Delivery and Targeting of Phytochemicals
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Nanotechnological Applications in Phytochemical Delivery
		6.2.1 Advantages of Nanotechnology-Based Interventions
	6.3 Nano-delivery Platforms for Phytochemicals
		6.3.1 Liposomes
		6.3.2 Micelle
		6.3.3 Nanocrystals or Nanoparticles
		6.3.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		6.3.5 Prodrugs
		6.3.6 Hydrogel Nanoparticles
		6.3.7 Dendrimers
		6.3.8 Inorganic Platforms
		6.3.9 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
		6.3.10 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		6.3.11 Integrated Nanocomposite Materials
		6.3.12 Traditional and Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	6.4 Nano-phytochemical Applications Against Inflammation
		6.4.1 Polyphenolic Compounds
		6.4.2 Quercetin
		6.4.3 Tannins
		6.4.4 Curcuminoids
		6.4.5 Phytocannabinoids
		6.4.6 Phytosterols
		6.4.7 Essential Oils
	6.5 Anticancerous Approaches Using Phyto-nanotechnology
		6.5.1 Nanotechnological Approaches in FDA-Approved Phyto-derivatives for Cancer Therapy
			Paclitaxel
			Vinca Alkaloids
			Etoposide
		6.5.2 Other Phytochemicals in Cancer Therapy
			Resveratrol
			Thymoquinone
			Curcumin
			Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
			Quercetin
			Genistein
	6.6 Nano-cosmeceuticals
		6.6.1 Moisturizers and Skin Enhancers
		6.6.2 Skin Cleansing Agents
		6.6.3 Sun Protective Agents
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Nanopharmaceuticals: Healthcare Applications and Safety Evaluations
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Nanopharmaceuticals
		7.2.1 Applications of Nanopharmaceuticals
		7.2.2 Drug Delivery
		7.2.3 Cell Imaging Agents
		7.2.4 Cancer Treatment
		7.2.5 HIV/AIDS Treatment
		7.2.6 Intravaginal Microbicides
		7.2.7 Enhancement of Anticancer Agents
	7.3 Safety Evaluations
		7.3.1 Potential Health Risk
		7.3.2 Environmental Risks
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Potential Ecotoxicological Risk of Nanopharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Types and Uses of Nanopharmaceuticals
		8.2.1 Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems
		8.2.2 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
			Organic Systems
			Inorganic Systems
		8.2.3 Nanopharmaceuticals as a Viable Therapy
	8.3 Biotechnology and Production of Nanopharmaceuticals
	8.4 Sources of Nanopharmaceuticals Release into the Aquatic Environment
	8.5 Effects of Nanopharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment
	8.6 Environmental Risk Assessment of Nanopharmaceuticals
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Recent Advances on Nanostructured Materials for Drug Delivery and Release
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Current Approaches to Optimize Drug Deliverability
	9.3 Routes of Administration for Nanopharmaceuticals
		9.3.1 Oral Administration
		9.3.2 Parenteral Administration (Intravenous, Intramuscular Subcutaneous)
		9.3.3 Transdermal Administration
		9.3.4 Pulmonary Administration
		9.3.5 Vaginal Administration
		9.3.6 Ophthalmic Administration
	9.4 Nanocarriers: Composition, Structure, and Properties of Selected Recent Systems
		9.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		9.4.2 Micelles, Nanoliposomes, and Lipid-Core Nanocapsules
		9.4.3 Carbon Based Nanomaterials
		9.4.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		9.4.5 Dendrimers
	9.5 Challenges Associated with the Use of Nanomaterials in Pharmaceutical Formulations
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Index