Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application

Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 14
1 General Introduction......Page 18
2.1 Introduction and Outline......Page 20
2.2.1 Nanoscale Materials as Intermediate Between Atomic and Bulk Matter......Page 22
2.2.2 Quantum Mechanics......Page 23
2.3 From Atoms to Molecules and Quantum Dots......Page 24
2.4.1 Three-Dimensional Systems (Bulk Material)......Page 27
2.4.2 Two-Dimensional Systems......Page 30
2.4.3 One-Dimensional Systems (Quantum Wires)......Page 34
2.4.4 Zero-Dimensional Systems (Quantum Dots)......Page 35
2.5 Energy Levels of a (Semiconductor) Quantum Dot......Page 36
2.6 Varieties of Quantum Dots......Page 39
2.6.1 Lithographically Defined Quantum Dots......Page 40
2.6.2 Epitaxially Self-Assembled Quantum Dots......Page 42
2.6.3 Colloidal Quantum Dots......Page 43
2.7.1 Absorption and Emission Spectra......Page 45
2.7.2 Spectral Diffusion and Blinking......Page 46
2.7.3 Metal Nanoparticles......Page 48
2.7.4 Overview of Some Selected Applications......Page 49
2.8.1 Coulomb Blockade: Basic Theory and Historical Sketch......Page 50
2.8.2 Single-Electron Tunneling......Page 52
2.8.3 Tunneling Transport: The Line Shape of Conductance Peaks......Page 56
2.8.4 Some Applications......Page 57
References......Page 59
3.1.1.1 Introduction......Page 66
3.1.1.2.1 Discrete Clusters in Neat Solids and from Solutions......Page 67
3.1.1.2.2 Cluster Shapes and Ion Packing......Page 69
3.1.1.2.3 Linked E9 Clusters......Page 72
3.1.1.3.1 Complexes of Zintl Ions......Page 73
3.1.1.3.2 Ligand-Free Heteroatomic Cluster: Intermetalloids......Page 75
3.1.1.4 Beyond Deltahedral Clusters......Page 80
Reference......Page 82
3.2.1.1 Historical Review......Page 86
3.2.1.2 Thiol-Stabilized Nanoparticles......Page 93
3.2.1.3 The \"Hot-Injection\" Synthesis......Page 98
3.2.1.4 Core–Shell Nanocrystals......Page 100
3.2.1.5 Quantum Dot Quantum Wells......Page 105
Reference......Page 109
3.2.2.1 Introduction......Page 118
3.2.2.2 Synthetic Strategy......Page 120
3.2.2.3.1 Synthesis of InAs and InP Nanocrystals......Page 122
3.2.2.3.2 Structural and Basic Optical Characterization of InAs and InP Nanocrystals......Page 124
3.2.2.4 Group III–V Core–Shell Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Characterization......Page 128
3.2.2.4.1 Synthesis of Core–Shell Nanocrystals with InAs Cores......Page 130
3.2.2.4.2 Optical Characterization of the Core–Shell Nanocrystals......Page 131
3.2.2.4.3 Chemical and Structural Characterization......Page 134
3.2.2.4.4 Model Calculations for the Band Gap......Page 139
3.2.2.4.5 Stability of Core–Shell Nanocrystals......Page 141
References......Page 142
3.2.3.1 Introduction......Page 144
3.2.3.2.1 Synthesis Routes......Page 145
3.2.3.2.2 Sulfur-Bridged Copper Clusters......Page 146
3.2.3.2.3 Selenium-Bridged Copper Clusters......Page 153
3.2.3.2.4 Tellurium-Bridged Copper Clusters......Page 182
3.2.3.3 Chalcogen-Bridged Silver Clusters......Page 194
3.2.3.3.1 Sulfur-Bridged Silver Clusters......Page 195
3.2.3.3.2 Selenium-Bridged Silver Clusters......Page 203
3.2.3.3.3 Tellurium-Bridged Silver Clusters......Page 213
3.2.3.4 Selenium-Bridged Gold Clusters......Page 225
Reference......Page 227
3.3.1.2 History and Background......Page 231
3.3.1.3 Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles......Page 232
3.3.1.4 Synthetic Methods......Page 235
3.3.1.4.1 Salt Reduction......Page 236
3.3.1.4.2 Controlled Decomposition......Page 243
3.3.1.5 Shape Control......Page 245
Reference......Page 249
3.3.2.1 Introduction......Page 256
3.3.2.1.1 Reverse Micelles Technique......Page 258
3.3.2.2 Colloidal Synthesis of Magnetic Metal Nanoparticles......Page 259
3.3.2.2.1 General Remarks on the Synthesis of Co and CoPt3......Page 260
3.3.2.2.2 Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles with Different Crystalline Modification......Page 261
3.3.2.2.3 Synthesis of CoPt3 Magnetic Alloy Nanocrystals......Page 264
3.3.2.2.4 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 269
3.3.2.2.5 Other Metal Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesized by Methods of Colloidal Chemistry......Page 272
3.3.2.3.1 Maghemite and Magnetite Nanocrystals......Page 276
3.3.2.3.2 Nanocrystals of Other Iron Oxides (Hematite, W€ustite, Goethite)......Page 279
3.3.2.3.3 Nanocrystals of Metal Ferrites......Page 280
3.3.2.4 Multicomponent Magnetic Nanocrystals......Page 281
3.3.2.4.1 Magnetic Core–Shell Nanoparticles......Page 282
3.3.2.4.2 Dumbbell-Like Nanoparticles......Page 283
3.3.2.4.3 Hollow Magnetic Nanocrystals......Page 285
3.3.2.5 Size- and Shape-Dependent Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Metal Nanoparticles......Page 288
3.3.2.6 Magnetic Nanocrystals for Data Storage Applications......Page 298
3.3.2.7 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 299
3.3.2.7.1 Design of Magnetic Particles for Biomedical Applications......Page 300
3.3.2.7.2 Drug Delivery......Page 302
3.3.2.7.3 Gene Delivery......Page 307
3.3.2.7.4 Magnetic Separation......Page 308
3.3.2.7.5 Magnetic Hyperthermia......Page 309
3.3.2.7.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 312
3.3.2.7.7 Tomographic Imaging......Page 314
3.3.2.7.8 The Role of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Contrast Agents in MRI......Page 315
Reference......Page 319
4.1.1 Molecular Crystals and Superlattices......Page 328
4.1.2 Layers of Semiconductor Nanocrystals......Page 332
4.1.3 Coupling of Semiconductor Nanocrystals......Page 339
References......Page 340
4.2.1 Three-Dimensional Organization of Metal Nanoparticles......Page 345
4.2.2.1 Self-Assembly......Page 355
4.2.2.2 Guided Self-Assembly......Page 365
4.2.2.3 Aimed Structures......Page 374
References......Page 385
5.1.1.1 Introduction......Page 388
5.1.1.2 Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Artificial Atoms......Page 389
5.1.1.3 Theoretical Descriptions of the Electronic Structure......Page 396
5.1.1.4 Atomic-Like States in Core–Shell Nanocrystals: Spectroscopy and Imaging......Page 398
5.1.1.6 Level Structure and Band-Offsets in Heterostructured Seeded Quantum Rods......Page 402
5.1.1.7 Optical Gain and Lasing in Semiconductor Nanocrystals......Page 405
References......Page 407
5.1.2.1 Optical Spectra of Selenium-Bridged and Tellurium-Bridged Copper Clusters......Page 409
5.1.2.2 Thermal Behavior of Selenium-Bridged Copper Clusters......Page 414
References......Page 417
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 418
5.2.2 Physical Background and Quantum Size Effect......Page 419
5.2.2.1 Single-Electron Tunneling......Page 420
5.2.2.2 The Single-Electron Transistor......Page 423
5.2.3 Thin Film Structures......Page 425
5.2.4 Single-Electron Tunneling in Metal Nanoparticles......Page 426
5.2.4.1 STM Configurations......Page 428
5.2.4.2 Chemical Switching and Gating of Current Through Nanoparticles......Page 434
5.2.4.3 Individual Particles and 1-D Assemblies in Nanogap Configurations......Page 438
5.2.5 Collective Charge Transport in Nanoparticle Assemblies......Page 452
5.2.5.1 Two-Dimensional Arrangements......Page 455
5.2.5.2 Three-Dimensional Arrangements......Page 463
5.2.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 467
References......Page 468
6.1 Introduction......Page 472
6.2 Water Solubilization and Functionalization of Quantum Dots with Biomolecules......Page 475
6.3.1 Receptor- and Ligand-Functionalized QDs for Sensing......Page 479
6.3.2 Functionalization of QDs with Chemically Reactive Units Participating in the Sensing......Page 487
6.4 Biosensors......Page 489
6.4.1 Application of QDs for Probing Biorecognition Processes......Page 492
6.4.2 Probing Biocatalytic Transformations with QDs......Page 502
6.4.3 Probing Structural Perturbations of Proteins with QDs......Page 513
6.5 Intracellular Applications of QDs......Page 516
6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 520
References......Page 521
7 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 530
Index......Page 534