Nanoparticles in anti-microbial materials : use and characterisation

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
1.2 Nano, the Beginning to the Present......Page 14
1.3 Defining the Nanodimension......Page 15
1.4.1 Structure......Page 16
1.4.3 Catalytic Properties......Page 17
1.4.6 Anti-microbial Properties......Page 18
1.5 Preparation Methods......Page 20
1.5.1 Nucleation and Growth......Page 21
1.5.2 Synthetic Routes......Page 22
1.6.1 Chemical Sensors......Page 26
1.6.3 Fluorescent Colloids in Biotechnology......Page 27
1.6.4 Anti-microbial Agents......Page 28
1.6.5 Emerging Approaches......Page 30
1.7 Toxicity and Nanomaterials......Page 31
1.7.1 Size Specific Behavior of Nanoparticles......Page 32
1.7.2 Quantum Dot Toxicity......Page 33
1.7.3 Concepts of Toxicology of Nanomaterials......Page 34
1.7.4 Nanoparticle Entry and Target......Page 35
1.7.5 Risk Assessments......Page 36
References......Page 37
2.1 Introduction......Page 43
2.2 Mechanisms of Adhesion......Page 44
2.2.2 Thermodynamic Theory......Page 45
2.2.3 Extended DLVO Theory......Page 46
2.3 Further Influential Factors for Microbial Impact......Page 47
2.3.3 Material Surface Impacts......Page 48
2.3.4 Microbial Response to the Nanosurface......Page 49
2.3.5 Specific Influences......Page 51
2.5 Bacterial Characteristics......Page 53
2.5.3 Shape......Page 54
2.5.4 Attached Matrix of Cells......Page 59
2.5.5 Formation of Biofilms......Page 61
2.5.6 Novel Approaches to Combat Microbial Impact......Page 66
References......Page 75
3.1 Introduction......Page 82
3.2 Silver Through the Ages......Page 83
3.2.1 Renewed Interest in Silver......Page 84
3.2.3 Molecular Understanding and Modes of Action......Page 85
3.2.4 Silver in Coatings and Polymers......Page 86
3.3 Silver in Materials......Page 87
3.3.1 Medical Devices Containing Silver......Page 88
3.3.2 Release Materials Containing Silver......Page 89
3.3.3 Silver Wound Dressings......Page 90
3.3.4 Textiles Containing Silver......Page 91
3.3.5 Water Treatment and Silver......Page 92
3.3.6 Applications and Emerging Trends......Page 93
3.4 Novel and Emerging Nanomaterials forAnti-microbial Applications......Page 94
3.4.1 Food Packaging......Page 95
3.4.3 Gold Nanoparticles......Page 97
3.4.4 Metal Oxides......Page 100
3.4.6 Biosensing......Page 101
3.5 Conclusions......Page 103
References......Page 104
4.1 Introduction......Page 107
4.2.1 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopies: Theory and Application......Page 108
4.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis......Page 114
4.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis......Page 115
4.2.4 Raman Spectroscopy......Page 116
4.2.6 UV-Visible Spectroscopy......Page 117
4.2.8 Differential scanning calorimetry......Page 119
4.2.10 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)......Page 120
4.2.11 Photoelectron Spectroscopy......Page 121
4.2.14 Dynamic Light Scattering......Page 122
4.2.15 Mo¨ssbauer Spectroscopy......Page 123
References......Page 124
5.1 Introduction......Page 127
5.2 Approaches to Visualisation of Anti-microbialNanomaterials......Page 128
5.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) andNanomaterial Characterisation......Page 130
5.4 AFM and Nanomaterial Characterisation......Page 133
5.5 Practical Advantages of AFM for Characterisationof Anti-microbial Materials......Page 139
5.6 Electron Microscopy Techniques......Page 141
5.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Nano-antimicrobialCharacterisation......Page 142
5.7.2 Novel Variants of SEM for Nano-anti-microbial Analysis......Page 143
5.7.3 Field Emission SEM for Material Characterisation......Page 145
5.8 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)......Page 147
5.8.1 High Re......Page 149
5.9 EM Tomography and 3D Reconstruction......Page 151
5.9.1 Sample Preparation for TEM and STEM Techniques......Page 152
5.10 Confocal Microscopy and Optical Sectioning......Page 153
5.11 Emerging and Future Techniques for MaterialVisualisation......Page 158
5.12 Conclusions......Page 159
References......Page 160
6.1 Introduction......Page 166
6.2 Biological Assessment of Anti-microbial Materials......Page 167
6.2.1 Principle Methods of Anti-microbial Activity Assessment......Page 168
6.2.2 Minimum Inhibitory and Bactericidal ConcentrationBioassays for Assessment of Anti-microbial Activity......Page 171
6.2.3 Relevance of MIC Determination for Nano-Anti-microbialMaterials......Page 173
6.2.4 Plate Counts and Anti-microbial Activity......Page 174
6.2.5 Time-Kill Assays......Page 176
6.2.6 Automated Microplate Methods for Assessment of AntimicrobialActivity......Page 178
6.2.7 Disk Diffusion-Based Assays for Determination of in vitroAnti-microbial Activity......Page 181
6.2.8 Assessing Anti-microbial Activity Using Flow Cytometry......Page 185
6.2.9 Fluorescence Detection and Flow Cytometry......Page 186
6.3 Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for BiologicalCharacterization of Nano-Anti-microbial Materials......Page 189
6.3.1 Basic Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 190
6.3.3 Applications of Fluorescence Microscopy to Nano-AntimicrobialMaterials......Page 191
6.3.4 Choice of Fluorophores for Assessment of Nano-Antimicrobials......Page 192
6.3.5 Differential Membrane Permeability Staining......Page 193
6.3.6 Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy and Anti-microbialMaterials......Page 196
6.3.7 Assessing the Cytotoxicity of Nano-Anti-microbials towardsEukaryotic Cell Lines......Page 198
6.4 Conclusions......Page 201
References......Page 202
7.1 Introduction......Page 207
7.2 What is Molecular Biology?......Page 208
7.3 What is DNA?......Page 209
7.5.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)......Page 212
7.5.3 Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction......Page 216
7.5.5 In situ Hybridisation......Page 219
7.5.6 Fluorescence in situ Hybridisation......Page 220
7.5.7 FISH Probes......Page 222
7.5.9 Microarrays and Gene Chips......Page 225
7.5.10 Advances Using Lab-on-a-Chip or Microfluidic Devices......Page 226
7.5.11 Bioinformatics......Page 228
7.6 Quorum Sensing (QS)......Page 230
7.7 Phylogenetic Stains......Page 234
References......Page 236
CHAPTER 8: Conclusions......Page 241
Subject Index......Page 244