NanoNutraceuticals

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
About the Series......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
About the Editors......Page 16
Contributors......Page 18
Chapter 1: Nutraceuticals: A Revolutionary Approach for Nano Drug Delivery......Page 22
 1.2 Historical Development......Page 23
  1.4.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities......Page 24
 1.6 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery......Page 25
   1.6.1.1 Advantages of Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals......Page 26
   1.6.1.2 Major Constraints in Nanoparticles Preparation......Page 27
   1.6.2.1 Advantages of SLN as Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals......Page 28
   1.6.2.2 Major Constraints in the Preparation of SLNs......Page 30
  1.6.4 Nanospheres......Page 31
   1.6.4.1 Nanospheres Provide Nutraceutical Formulations with the Following......Page 32
   1.6.5.1 Advantages of Nanoliposomes as Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals......Page 33
  1.6.6 Nanofibers......Page 34
   1.6.6.1 Major Constraints in Nanofiber Preparation......Page 35
  1.6.7 Nanoemulsion......Page 36
  1.6.8 Nanocapsules......Page 37
 1.8 Future Prospects......Page 38
 References......Page 39
 2.1 Introduction......Page 44
 2.2 Curcumin......Page 48
   2.2.1.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)......Page 50
 2.3 Sesamol......Page 54
   2.3.1.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)......Page 55
 2.4 Conclusion......Page 57
 References......Page 58
 3.1 Introduction......Page 64
   3.1.1.2 Resveratrol......Page 65
   3.1.1.6 Propolis......Page 67
   3.1.1.11 Gingerol......Page 68
 3.2 Conclusion......Page 69
 References......Page 73
 4.1 Introduction......Page 78
 4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Cancer......Page 79
 4.3 Nutraceuticals......Page 80
 4.5 Cancer Nanotechnology......Page 81
  4.5.1 Nutraceuticals in Cancer......Page 82
  4.5.2 Nanonutraceuticals for Cancer......Page 83
   4.5.3.1 Liposomes......Page 84
   4.5.3.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles......Page 85
   4.5.3.4 Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS)......Page 86
 References......Page 87
Chapter 5: Nanostructured Drug Delivery of Nutraceuticals for Counteracting Oxidative Stress......Page 92
 5.1 Introduction......Page 93
   5.1.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)......Page 94
  5.1.6 Beneficial Effects of Antioxidants on Body......Page 95
   5.1.8.1 Ascorbic Acid......Page 96
    5.1.8.1.1 Enhancement of Dermal Delivery......Page 97
   5.1.8.2 Resveratrol......Page 99
    5.1.8.3.1 Enhancement of Stability......Page 100
    5.1.8.3.5 Enhancement of Ocular Delivery......Page 101
    5.1.8.4.3 Enhancement of Ocular Delivery......Page 102
    5.1.8.5.2 Targeted Delivery......Page 103
    5.1.8.6.4 Parenteral Delivery......Page 104
    5.1.8.7.3 Enhancement of Dermal Delivery......Page 105
    5.1.8.8.2 Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity......Page 106
 5.2 Conclusions......Page 107
 References......Page 108
 6.1 Introduction to Nutraceuticals......Page 112
  6.1.1 Current Scenario of Nutraceuticals......Page 114
 6.3 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals......Page 115
   6.4.1.1 Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (EGCG)......Page 116
   6.4.1.2 Quercetin......Page 117
  6.4.3 Phenolic Diterpenes......Page 118
  6.4.4 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)......Page 119
  6.4.5 St. John’s Wort......Page 120
  6.4.7 Lycopene......Page 121
 References......Page 122
 7.1 Introduction......Page 126
  7.1.1 Epidemiology......Page 128
  7.1.2 Pathogenesis......Page 129
  7.1.3 Current Treatment Strategies......Page 132
   7.1.4.1 Nanotransformed Phytochemicals......Page 133
 References......Page 137
Chapter 8: Nanoemulsions: A New Application in Nutraceutical and Food Industry......Page 142
 8.1 Introduction......Page 143
  8.1.2 Limitations and Challenges of Nanoemulsion-Based Systems (Chen et al., 2011)......Page 144
  8.2.1 Oil Phase......Page 145
  8.2.3 Stabilizers......Page 146
  8.2.5 Texture Modifier......Page 147
   8.3.1.1 Ultrasonication Emulsification......Page 148
    8.3.1.2.2 High Pressure Homogenizer......Page 149
    8.3.2.1.1 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Method......Page 150
   8.3.2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification Method......Page 152
 8.4 Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS)......Page 153
  8.5.4 Solvent Displacement/Evaporation......Page 154
  8.6.1 Protection/Preservation......Page 155
 8.7 Potential Application of Nanoemulsion in Food and Nutraceuticals......Page 156
  8.7.3 Nanoencapsulation of Flavors......Page 157
  8.8.1 Biological Fate......Page 158
   8.8.1.2 Absorption......Page 159
  8.8.2 Biological Fate of Bioactive or Functional Components Delivered through Nanoemulsion......Page 160
 8.9 Future Trends......Page 161
 References......Page 162
 9.1 Introduction......Page 168
 9.3 Probiotics......Page 169
 9.4 Encapsulation of Probiotics......Page 174
  9.4.1 Nanoencapsulated Probiotics......Page 176
   9.4.1.1 Nanoparticles......Page 177
   9.4.1.3 Nanolayers......Page 179
   9.4.1.5 Nanoemulsions......Page 180
 9.6 Safety and Efficacy......Page 181
 References......Page 182
  10.1.1 History and Source of Resveratrol......Page 186
 10.3 Resveratrol Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Potentials......Page 188
  10.3.1 Cardiovascular Effects of Resveratrol......Page 189
  10.3.4 Anti-Inflammatory Effects......Page 190
  10.3.7 Neuroprotective Effects......Page 191
 10.5 Resveratrol Delivery Challenges......Page 192
  10.6.1 Microspheres......Page 193
  10.7.2 Nanoemulsions......Page 194
  10.7.3 Liposomes......Page 195
  10.7.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles......Page 196
 10.8 Miscellaneous Approaches......Page 197
 References......Page 198
Chapter 11: Nanotherapeutics: Enabling Vitamin D3 as a Multifaceted Nutraceutical......Page 204
 11.1 Introduction......Page 205
   11.2.2.1 Absorption and Distribution......Page 206
   11.2.2.2 Metabolism and Excretion......Page 208
 11.4 Conventional Approaches for Vitamin D3 Delivery......Page 209
 11.5 Stabilization of Vitamin D3......Page 210
   11.6.1.1 Rickets......Page 211
   11.6.1.3 Bone Related Inflammation......Page 212
  11.6.2 Psoriasis......Page 214
   11.6.3.1 Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 215
   11.6.3.4 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)......Page 216
   11.6.3.5 Huntington’s Disease......Page 217
  11.6.4 Diabetes......Page 218
   11.6.7.1 Tuberculosis......Page 219
   11.6.9.1 Vitamin-D-VDR Signaling......Page 220
  11.7.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles......Page 221
  11.7.3 Liposomes......Page 222
 11.9 Legislation and Regulations......Page 223
 References......Page 226
 12.1 Introduction......Page 234
 12.5 Problems Associated with Drug Development......Page 235
  12.5.2 Stability......Page 236
 12.6 Nanotechnology as Explored for Curcumin......Page 238
  12.6.2 Niosomes......Page 240
  12.6.3 Nanoparticles......Page 242
   12.6.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)......Page 243
   12.6.3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)......Page 245
  12.6.4 Microemulsions/Nanoemulsion......Page 248
  12.6.5 Nanocrystal Suspensions......Page 250
  12.6.6 Micellar Systems......Page 251
  12.6.7 Cyclodextrin (CD) Inclusion Complexes......Page 253
  12.6.8 Dendrimers......Page 258
 12.8 Marketed Nano-Enabled Curcumin Products......Page 259
 12.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 265
 References......Page 266
Chapter 13: Nanoencapsulation of Iron for Nutraceuticals......Page 276
  13.1.4 Iron Metabolism......Page 277
  13.1.5 Iron Absorption......Page 278
   13.1.5.6 Transferrin and Its Receptors......Page 280
  13.1.6 Regulation in Iron Absorption......Page 281
  13.1.8 Laboratory Testing Methods......Page 282
   13.1.10 Deficiency of Iron (Anemia)......Page 283
  13.1.11 Applications of Nanotechnology......Page 285
   13.1.11.1 Emulsions......Page 286
   13.1.11.3 Liposome Preparation......Page 287
  13.1.12 Food Fortification with the Prepared Nanoemulsions......Page 288
 References......Page 289
 14.1 Introduction......Page 292
  14.1.2 Clinical Applications......Page 295
   14.1.3.2 PSO (Ahangari et al., 2012; de Melo et al., 2014; Baccarin et al., 2015)......Page 297
   14.1.3.3 Pomegranate Seed Extracts......Page 298
   14.1.3.4 Pomegranate Peel (Soni et al., 2010; Bhandary et al., 2012; Al-Rawahi et al., 2014; Verardo et al., 2014; Barathikannan et al., 2016)......Page 299
  14.2.1 Need for Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Pomegranate Extracts and Oil......Page 300
   14.2.2.1 Nanoemulsions......Page 301
   14.2.2.3 SNEDDS......Page 302
 14.3 Patent Review......Page 303
 References......Page 309
Index......Page 314