Nanomaterials: Evolution and Advancement Towards Therapeutic Drug Delivery (Part I)

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Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery Vehicle
	Nidhi Gupta1, Ramesh Chandra2 and Surendra Nimesh3,*
	INTRODUCTION
	POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES FOR DNA/SIRNA DELIVERY
	ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Characterization of Nanostructured Systems for Bioactive Compound Delivery
	Gabriel Silva Borges1, Flávia Lidiane Oliveira da Silva2, Osmar Patrício Almeida2, Taízia Dutra Silva2 and Guilherme Carneiro2,*
	INTRODUCTION
	SIZE ANALYSIS
		Dynamic Light Scattering
			Equipment
			Performing the Technique
			Analyzing the Results
		Laser Diffraction
			Equipment
			Performing the Technique
			Analyzing the Results
		Zeta Potential
			Equipment
			Performing the Technique
			Analyzing the Results
	MORPHOLOGY
		Optical Microscopy
			Types of Optical Microscopy
			Applications
		Scanning Electron Microscopy
			Principles of the Technique
			Equipment
			Environmental SEM
			Applications
		Transmission Electron Microscopy
			Equipment
			Principles of the Technique
			Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy
			Applications
		Atomic Force Microscopy
			Equipment
			Principles of the Technique
			Sample Preparation and Data Analysis
			Applications
		Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
			Principles of Technique and Equipment
			Applications
	CRYSTALLINE STATE, POLYMORPHISM AND DRUG NANOSYSTEM INTERACTION
		Infrared Spectroscopy
		Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy
		X-ray Diffraction
			Small-angle Scattering of X-rays
		Thermal Analyses
			Differential Scanning Calorimetry
			Differential Thermal Analysis
			Events Detected in DSC and DTA
			Applications of DSC and DTA
			TGA
			Applications of TGA
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Liposomes: The New Developments in Topical Drug Delivery
	Gajanand Sharma1, Kanika Thakur1, Nitika Dehal1, Akanksha Mahajan1, Kaisar Raza2 and O.P. Katare1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	COMPOSITION OF LIPOSOMES
		Phospholipid
		Natural Phospholipids
		Synthetic Phospholipids
		Cholesterol
	CLASSIFICATION OF LIPOSOMES
		Based on Structural Parameters
		Based on the Method of Preparation
		Based on Composition and Applications
	PREPARATION OF LIPOSOMES
		Conventional Methods
		Novel Methods
		Supercritical Fluid Technology
		Dual Asymmetric Centrifugation (DAC)
		Freeze Drying Technology
		Cross-flow Filtration Technology
		Membrane Contactor Technology
	CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPOSOMES
		Physical Characterization
			Vesicle Shape and Lamellarity
			Vesicle Size and Size Distribution
			Optical Microscopy
			Negative Stain Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
			Cryo-TEM
			Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
			Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
			Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
			Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) Technique
			Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
			Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA)
			Entrapment Efficiency (EE)
			Surface Charge
			Chemical Characterization
			Biological Characterization
	LIPOSOMAL DRUG LOADING METHODS
		Passive Loading Method
		Active (remote) Loading Method
	TARGETING STRATEGIES FOR LIPOSOMES
		Passive Targeting
		Active Targeting
		Triggered Drug Targeting
		pH Sensitive Liposomes
			External Stimuli-dependent Release
			Magnetically Sensitive Liposomes
			Electro Responsive Liposomes
	APPLICATIONS OF LIPOSOMES
		Liposomes for Topical Delivery
		Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery
		Liposomes for Ophthalmic Delivery
		Liposomes for Parenteral Delivery
		Liposomes for Oral Delivery
		Liposomes as Vaccine Delivery
	CLINICAL USES OF LIPOSOMAL DRUGS
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Role of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery and Targeting
	Sarita Rani, Neetu Sehrawat, Sudhakar Rajoria and Umesh Gupta*
	INTRODUCTION
		Synthetic Approaches
			Divergent Method
			Convergent Method
		Dendrimer-drug Interactions
			Non-Covalent Interactions
			Covalent Interactions
		Properties
			Monodispersity
			Size and Shape
			Biocompatibility
			Surface Charge
			Toxicity and Surface Functionality
			Pharmacokinetics
		Types of Dendrimers
			PAMAM Dendrimers
			PPI Dendrimers
			Peptide Dendrimers
			Glycodendrimers
			Tecto/Core-shell Dendrimers
			Chiral Dendrimers
			Triazine Dendrimers
			Poly-L-lysine Dendrimers
		Applications of Dendrimers
			Dendrimers in Cancer Therapy
			Dendrimer in Infectious Diseases
			Dendrimers in Ocular Diseases
			Dendrimer in Dermatological Diseases
			Dendrimer in CNS Disorders
			Dendrimers in Cardiovascular Diseases/Hypertension
			Dendrimers in Ulcerative Colitis Diseases
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Chronicle of Nanomicelles in Drug Delivery: From Bench to Bedside
	Neha Bajwa1, Preet Amol Singh1, Vaskuri G.S. Sainaga Jyothi2, Rupinder Kaur Sodhi3, Ashish Baldi1, Satish Sardana4, Ramesh Chandra5,6 and Jitender Madan2,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Principle of Micelles Formation
		Amphiphilic Copolymers
		Micellization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
		Characterization of Polymeric Micelles
			Shape of Polymeric Micelles
			Size of Polymeric Micelles
			Critical Micelles Concentration (CMC) Determination
			Stability Studies of Polymeric Micelles
		Synthesis of Drug Conjugated Polymeric Micelles
			Drug Incorporation in Polymeric Micelles
			Drug Solubilization Capacity of the Polymeric Micelles
			Drug partitioning in Polymeric Micelles
		Drug Release from Polymeric Micelles
			Sustained and Controlled Drug Release
			pH Sensitive Drug Release
		Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymeric Micelles
			Polymeric Micelles as Solubilizing Agents for Poorly Soluble Drugs
			Sustained Release Profile of Polymeric Micelles
			Polymeric Micelles Drug Steering Application
			Application of Polymeric Micelles in Drug Delivery Through Different Routes of Administration
			Application of Polymeric Micelles in Diagnostics
		Clinical Applications of Nanomicelles and Regulatory Approval
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Potential and Promises of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery
	Nagarani Thotakura, Vipin Kumar and Kaisar Raza*
	INTRODUCTION
	METHODS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OF CNTS
		Arc Discharge Method
		Laser Ablation Method
		Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		Flame Pyrolysis
	COMMON CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF CNTS
		Covalent Attachment of Functional Groups
			Sidewall Halogenation of CNTs
			Hydrogenation
			Ozonolysis
			Mechanochemical Reactions
			Plasma Activation
			Nucleophilic Additions
		Noncovalent Interactions
		Endohedral Filling
	APPLICATIONS OF CNTS
		Artificial Implants
		Preservatives
		Diagnostic Tool
		As a Catalyst
		Formation of Batteries
		Solar Cells
		Transistors
	CNTS AS DELIVERY VEHICLES
		Peptide Delivery
		Cellular Uptake of CNTs
		Delivery of Nucleic Acids
		Drug Delivery Using CNTs
	PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIODISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF CNTS
	ABSORPTION
		Distribution
		Metabolism
		Elimination
	SAFETY CONCERNS AND CHALLENGES
	CONCLUSIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Advanced Drug Delivery System
	Arindam Saha* and P. Sujatha Devi*
	INTRODUCTION
	TYPES OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
		Metal Nanoparticles
		Magnetic Alloys
		Magnetic Oxide Nanoparticles
		Ferrite Nanoparticle
	SYNTHESIS OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
		Electron Beam Lithography
		Gas Phase Deposition
		Sol-Gel Technique
		Co-Precipitation Method
		Micro-Emulsion Method
		Thermal Decomposition Method
		Polyol Method
		Sonochemical Method
		Vapour Phase or Aerosol Method
		Electrochemical Method
		Flow Injection Method
			Super-Critical Fluid Method
		Oxidation Method
		Microbial Method
	SURFACE MODIFICATION OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
		Surface Coating
			Organic Material
			Inorganic Materials
		Surface Functionalization
	DRUG LOADING ON MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
	STIMULI RESPONSIVE DRUG RELEASE
	MULTIFUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
		Imaging
		Therapy
		Cell/Protein Separation
	EFFECT OF SHAPE/SIZE OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES ON DRUG LOADING/RELEASE
	QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF DRUG LOADING AND RELEASE
	ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
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