Nanomaterials in Dental Medicine

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Nanotechnology and Medicine: The Interphase
	1 Introduction
	2 Pioneers in Nanotechnology
		2.1 Properties of Nanoparticles
	3 Manufacturing Approaches in Nanotechnology
	4 Types of Nanomaterials
	5 Uses of Nanostructures
		5.1 Nanopores
		5.2 Nanotubes
		5.3 Quantom Dots
		5.4 Nanoshell
		5.5 Dendrimers
		5.6 Nanobelts
		5.7 Liposomes
	6 Nanomedicine and Nanodentistry
	7 Approaches in Nanodentistry
		7.1 Nanotechnology in Aesthetic Dentistry
	8 Challenges Faced by Nanodentistry
	9 Conclusion
	References
2 Nanotechnology in Oral and Dental Diagnosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Detection and Diagnosis of Oral Cancer and Premalignant Lesions
	3 Molecular Imaging of Oral Cancer
	4 Application of Nanomaterials in the Detection of Oral Biofilm
	5 Aptamer
	6 Immune-Based Sensors
	7 Aptasensors
	8 Bacteriophage-Based Sensors
	9 Array-Based Sensors
	10 Optoelectronic Nose
	11 Early Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease
	12 Photoacoustic Imaging of Periodontium
	13 Nanobiosensors for Salivary Biomarker Detection
	14 Oral Malodor
	15 Viral Infections
	16 Potential Cytotoxicity
	17 Future Perspective
	References
3 Nanotechnology for Oral Disease Prevention
	1 Introduction
	2 Dental Caries Prevention
		2.1 How Do Caries Occur?
	3 Limitation of Present Preventive Modalities
	4 Role of Nanotecnology in Caries Prevention
		4.1 Nanomaterials in Managing Oral Biofilms
	5 Antibacterial Nanotherapy
		5.1 Antimicrobial Dental Nanomaterials for Caries Prevention
	6 Silver Nanoparticles
	7 Gold Nanoparticles
	8 Calcium Nanoparticles
	9 Copper Nanoparticles
	10 Titanium Nanoparticles
	11 Magnesium Nanoparticles
	12 Zinc Oxide-Based Nanoparticles (ZnO NPS)
	13 Titanium Dioxide-Based Nanoparticles (TIO2NPs)
	14 Chitosan Nanoparticles
	15 Chlorhexidine
	16 Bioactive Glass
		16.1 Reversing an Incipient Caries—Biomimetic Remineralization
		16.2 Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
		16.3 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
	17 Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP)
	18 Nanocomposites for Caries Prevention
	19 Enamel Biomimetic Synthesis—Caries Lesions Repaired with Enamel-Like Nanomaterials
	20 Caries Vaccine
	21 Conclusion and Future Challenges
	References
4 Nanocomposites and Other Restorative Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs)
	3 Resin-Based Composites
	4 Other Restorative Materials
		4.1 Tricalcium Silicate Cement
		4.2 Calcium Phosphate Cement
		4.3 Calcium Sulphate Cement
	5 Conclusion
	References
5 Sustained Drug Delivery—The Nano Advantage
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanomaterials in Sustained Drug Delivery
		2.1 Zero-Order Model
		2.2 First-Order Model
		2.3 Higuchi Model
		2.4 Korsmeyer-Peppas Model
	3 Nanomaterials in Dental Medicine
		3.1 Composites Dental Nanomaterials as Drug Carries
		3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		3.3 Hydroxyapatite (HAP)
		3.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		3.5 Nanozymes
	4 Nanomaterials in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
	References
6 Nanotechnology for Pain-Free Dentistry
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Nanotechnology in Dental Medicine
	3 Nanobiomaterials in Dentistry
		3.1 An Overview on Applicable Nanoscale Constructs in Biomedical
		3.2 An Overview on Nanomaterials in Dental Medicine
	4 Nanotechnology and Pain-Free Dentistry Methods
		4.1 Nanotechnology in Dental Diseases
		4.2 Pain-Free Dentistry
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 Nanorobotics in Dentistry
	1 Introduction
	2 History
	3 Mode of Action of Nanorobots
	4 Dental Nanorobot
	5 Types of Hypothetically Used Nanorobotic Systems [11, 22, 23]
	6 Applications of Nanorobots in Dentistry
	7 Nanodiagnosis
		7.1 NEMs
		7.2 OFNASET
		7.3 Optical Nanobiosensors
	8 Nanoprevention
		8.1 Sealant
		8.2 Nanosilver Fluorides
		8.3 Nanorobotic Dentifrices (Dentifrobots)
	9 Nanotreatment
		9.1 Nanoanesthesia
		9.2 Hypersensitivity Cure
		9.3 Nanocomposites
		9.4 Nanocomposite Denture Teeth
		9.5 Nanolight-Curing Glass Ionomers
		9.6 Impression Materials
		9.7 Orthodontic Nanorobots
		9.8 Nanosolution (Nanoadhesives)
		9.9 Nanoencapsulation
		9.10 Tissue Engineering and Dentistry
		9.11 Nanoneedles
		9.12 Bone Replacement Materials
		9.13 Tooth Reconstruction
		9.14 Dental Implants: Structure, Chemistry, and Biocompatibility
		9.15 Bionic Mandible
		9.16 Dentition Renaturalization
	10 Nanodentistry—An Interdisciplinary Approach
		10.1 Nanotechnology in Oral Medicine and Radiology
		10.2 Nanotechnology in Periodontics
		10.3 Nanotechnology in Endodontics
		10.4 Nanotechnology in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
		10.5 Nanotechnology in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
		10.6 Nanotechnology in Orthodontics
	11 Limitations of Nanorobotics
	12 Conclusion
	References
8 Nanobiotechnology in Regenerative Dental Medicine
	1 Introduction to Dental Nanotechnology
		1.1 Basic Nanotechnology Principles
		1.2 Biological Regeneration and Nanomedicine
		1.3 Regeneration and Nanotechnology in Dental Medicine
	2 Nanobiomaterials Used in Dental Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology
		2.1 Nanobiomaterials for Dental Regenerative Drug Delivery
		2.2 Tooth Structure Enhancement with Engineered Nanomaterials
		2.3 Emerging Application of Nanobiomaterials in Regenerative Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
		2.4 Hybrid Nanomaterials in Regenerative Dentistry
		2.5 Nanobiotechnology and Stem Cells in Regeneration of Dental Tissue
	3 Potential Obstacles, Complications and Ethical Issues in the Use of Nanobiotechnology for Dental Regeneration
	4 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
9 Nanotechnology in Dental Implantology
	1 Introduction
	2 Relevance of Nanotechnology in Dental Implantology
	3 Materials Used in the Alteration of Topography of Implant Surface Using Nanoscale Interactions
		3.1 Metal Based Nanostructured Implant Surfaces
		3.2 Ceramic Based Nanostructured Implant Surfaces
		3.3 Polymer Based Nanostructured Implant Surfaces
		3.4 Hybrid Implant Surfaces
	4 Alteration of the Topography of Implant Surface Using Nanoscale Interactions
		4.1 Physical Methods
		4.2 Chemical Methods
	5 Evaluation of Quality of Oseointegration in Nanomodified Implants
	6 Mechanisms of Nanomodifeid Implant Surface Interaction with Haematopoietic Cells
	7 Sequence of Biological Events in Relation to Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Surface of the Implant
	8 Future Directions
	9 Conclusion
	References
10 Applications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Oral Cancer: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 General Aspects of Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles
		2.1 Characteristics and Properties of Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles
		2.2 Applications of Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles in Medicine
		2.3 Description of Oral Cancer
		2.4 Nano Materials in Dental Medicine
		2.5 Administration of Different Medications
	3 Use of Nano-materials in Oral Cancer Therapy
	4 Treatment Methods for Different Cancers
		4.1 Oral Chemotherapy
		4.2 Photo-therapy
	5 Conclusions
	6 Future Perspectives
	References
11 Nano Structured Materials in Dental Medicine—From Laboratory to Industry: New Opportunities, Challenges and Risks
	1 Introduction
	2 Commercialized Dental Nanomaterials
		2.1 Preventive Dentistry Materials
		2.2 Composite Bonding Cements
		2.3 Composite Resins
		2.4 Endodontic Sealer Materials
		2.5 Artificial Teeth
		2.6 Bone Graft Materials
		2.7 Implant Coating Materials
	3 Dental Nanomaterials with Industrialization Prospects
		3.1 Antibacterial Materials
		3.2 Bonding Materials
		3.3 Resin-Based Dental Filling Materials
		3.4 Implant Materials
		3.5 Coating Materials for Bone Implants
		3.6 Materials for Promoting Wound Healing of Oral Mucosa
		3.7 Materials for Tooth Whitening
	4 Challenges and Risks During the Industrialization Process of Dental Nanomaterials
		4.1 Market-Oriented Research and Development Based on Actual Clinical Needs
		4.2 Pay Attention to Engineering Development and Technology Integration Research to Improve the Overall Performance of Products
		4.3 Introduce Capital Elements to Solve the Capital Problems Synergistically in the Process of Industrialization
		4.4 Establish a Multidisciplinary Science and Technology Management Talent Team
	5 Conclusion
	References
12 Bioceramic Dental Inserts Based on Calcium Phosphate Nano-particles
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Material of Choice in Restorative Dentistry
	3 Dental Inserts
	4 Bioactive Dental Restorative Materials
	5 Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: From Nano-particles to Functional Sintered Materials
	6 Bioactive Dental Inserts
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
13 Potential Hazards of Nanostructured Dental Materials
	1 Introduction to Nanotoxicology
	2 Routes of Exposure
		2.1 Inhalation Exposure
		2.2 Dermal Exposure
		2.3 Uptake via Gastrointestinal Tract
		2.4 Intravenous Route
		2.5 Neuronal Translocation
	3 Biological Barriers to Nanoparticles
	4 Toxicological Targets and Endpoints
		4.1 Molecular Level
		4.2 Cellular Level
		4.3 Organ Level
	5 Properties of Nanoparticles Determining Toxicity
	6 Principles of Nanotoxicology
	7 Nanoparticles Used in Dentistry
	8 Individual Nanoparticles and Their Associated Toxicity
		8.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		8.2 Silver Nanoparticles
		8.3 Copper Nanoparticles
		8.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		8.5 Iron Oxide Nanoparticle
		8.6 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles
		8.7 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles
		8.8 Silica Nanoparticles
	9 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Saliva
	10 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Tooth Structures
	11 Toxicology Testing
	12 Limitations Associated with the Study on Nanotoxicity
	13 Conclusion
	References