Nanocellulose : from nature to high performance tailored materials

Content: Preface
 9.7.3 Bulge test 359
 1 Cellulose and potential reinforcement
 1.1 Polysaccharides
 1.2 Chemical structure of the cellulose macromolecul
 1.3 Biosynthesis of cellulose
 1.4 Polymorphism of cellulose
 1.4.1 Cellulose I
 1.4.2 Cellulose II
 1.4.3 Cellulose III
 1.4.4 Cellulose IV
 1.5 Cellulose microfibrils
 1.6 Hierarchical structure of plants and natural fibers
 1.7 Potential reinforcement of cellulose
 1.7.1 Mechanical properties of natural fibers
 1.7.2 Mechanical properties of cellulose microfibrils
 1.7.3 Mechanical properties of cellulose crystal
 1.8 Cellulose-based materials. 1.8.1 Thermoplastically processable cellulose derivatives1.8.2 Cellulose fiber reinforced composites
 1.9 Conclusions
 1.10 References
 2 Preparation of microfibrillated cellulose
 2.1 Fiber fibrillation process
 2.1.1 Purification of cellulose
 2.1.2 High-pressure homogenization
 2.1.3 Grinding
 2.1.4 Cryocrushing
 2.1.5 High-intensity ultrasonication
 2.1.6 Electrospinning
 2.2 Pretreatments
 2.2.1 Enzymatic pretreatment
 2.2.2 Carboxymethylation
 2.2.3 TEMPO-mediated oxidation pretreatment
 2.3 Morphology
 2.4 Degree of fibrillation
 2.4.1 Turbidity of the suspension. 2.4.2 Viscosity of the suspension2.4.3 Porosity and density
 2.4.4 Mechanical properties
 2.4.5 Water retention
 2.4.6 Degree of polymerization
 2.4.7 Specific surface area
 2.4.8 Crystallinity
 2.5 Mechanical properties of MFC films
 2.6 Optical properties of MFC films
 2.7 Functionalization of MFC films
 2.8 Conclusions
 2.9 References
 3 Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals
 3.1 Pioneering works on the acid hydrolysis of cellulose
 3.2 Pretreatment of natural fibers
 3.3 Acid hydrolysis treatment
 3.3.1 Sources of cellulose
 3.3.2 Nature of the acid. 3.3.3 Effect and optimization of extraction conditions3.4 Other processes
 3.4.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis treatment
 3.4.2 TEMPO oxidation
 3.4.3 Hydrolysis with gaseous acid
 3.4.4 Ionic liquid
 3.5 Post-treatment of hydrolyzed cellulose
 3.5.1 Purification of the suspension
 3.5.2 Fractionation
 3.5.3 Yield
 3.6 Morphology
 3.7 Degree of hydrolysis
 3.7.1 Birefringence of the suspension
 3.7.2 Viscosity of the suspension
 3.7.3 Porosity and density
 3.7.4 Mechanical properties
 3.7.5 Degree of polymerization
 3.7.6 Specific surface area
 3.7.7 Level of sulfation
 3.7.8 Crystallinity. 3.8 Mechanical properties of nanocrystal films3.9 Conclusions
 3.10 References
 4 Bacterial cellulose
 4.1 Production of cellulose by bacteria
 4.2 Influence of carbon source
 4.3 Culture conditions
 4.4 In situ modification of bacterial cellulose
 4.5 Bacterial cellulose hydrogels
 4.6 Bacterial cellulose films
 4.7 Applications of bacterial cellulose
 4.8 Conclusions
 4.9 References
 5 Chemical modification of nanocellulose
 5.1 Reactivity of cellulose
 5.2 Surface chemistry of cellulose nanoparticles
 5.3 Non-covalent surface chemical modification of cellulose nanoparticles.